German immigrants to Cleveland 1855-1860

After the banner immigrant years of 1852-1854, arrivals dropped off some. The list below, from the The Jubilee Edition of the Cleveland Wächter und Anzeiger 1902, shows the year of arrival in Cuyahoga County, followed by name, year of birth, place of birth, and occupation.
1855: Dröge, Friedrich, born 1828 in Celle, Hanover, furniture maker.
    Kneiss, Louise M., born 1837 in Frankfurt am Main, Hessia-Nassau, private person.
    Rink, J. P., born 1832 in Zweibrücken, Rhenish Palatinate, private person.
    Sältzer, Carl, born 1829 in Ilbersheim, Rhenish Palatinate, bookkeeper.
1856: Clauss, Jeanette, Deidelsheim, Baden, private person.
    Freese, Christoph, born 1834 in Rabbar, Hanover, smith.
    Ganss, Jacob, Frankenthal, Rhenish Palatinate, police sergeant.
    Kauel, Christian, born 1829 in Switzerland, railroader.
    La Marche, Franz C., Blieskastel, Rhenish Palatinate, furniture business.
    Lards, Heinrich, born 1833 in Stavenhagen, Mecklenburg, building contractor.
    Mayer, Adolph, born 1826 in Mettenheim, Rhenish Hessia, merchant.
    Seeholzer, David, born 1829 in Baden, Baden, private person.
    Stohlmann, J. H., born 1839 in Bünde, Westphalia, cabinetmaker.
    Stüber, Christian, born 1829 in Obersilmingen, Württemberg, cabinetmaker.
1857: Brommhardt, Jacob, born 1839 in Schlierbach, Electoral Hessia, tavernkeeper.
    Ebert, George E., born 1831 in Central Franconia, Bavaria, smith.
    Egert, Kilian, born 1834 in Oberzelle, Electoral hessia, private person.
    Giessen, Carl, born 1834 in Zweibrücken, Rhenish Palatinate, private person.
    Harm, Michael, born 1841 in Freinsheim, Rhenish Palatinate, wagon manufacturer (the subject of my thesis).
    Krauss, George, born 1830 in Rhenish Palatinate, private person.
    Lätsch, William F., born 1842 in Leipzig, Saxony, letter carrier.
    Löber, C. W., born 1836 in Darmstadt, Hessia-Darmstadt, cabinet maker
    Löber, Julia, born 1839 in Homburg, Hessia-Darmstadt, private person.
    Miller, Charles, born 1857 in Holzhausen, Hessia-Darmstadt, tanner.
    Schendel, Ludwig Sam., born 1831 in Colmar, Prussia, insurance business.
    Schuch, John, born 1838 in Hattenbach, Electoral Hessia, house painter.
    Trope, George, born 1833 in Lüchte, Waldeck, private person.
1858: Behm, Whilhelm, born 1844 in Motsdorf, Mecklenburg, farmer.
    Heidinger, Josef, born 1838 in Baden-Badenm Baden (sic), baker.
    Lang, Josef, born 1832 in Romelsbach, Württemberg, private person.
    Morawetz, Isidor, born 1831 in Kranwitz, Prussia, tailor.
    Stern, Jacob, born 1837 in Ziegenhain, Electoral Hessia, shoemaker.
1859: Beil, Sigmund, born 1833 in Stetten, Baden, shoemaker.
    Kunze, Carl, born 1837 in Angermünde, Prussia, iron founder.
    Moser, Arnold, born 1837 in Burgdorf, Switzerland, bookkeeper.
    Müller, Ferdinand, born 1836 in Lübersdorf, Mecklenburg, coal dealer.
    Reissland, Auguste, born 1835 in Rudolfstadt, Schwarzburg, private person.
    Schmidt, F. W., born 1840 in Wimmern, Hanover, shoemaker.
1860: Bittschofsky, Carl, born 1827 in Breslau, Silesia, private person.
    Emerich, U., born 1839 in Odenheim, Baden, saddler.
    Forsch, Abraham, born 1840 in Teschenmostel, Rhenish Palatinate, insurance agent.
    Gehring, John, born 1842 in Walsheim, Rhenish Hessia, farmer.
    Hach, John, born 1842 in Uttrichshausen, Electoral hessia, saddler.
    Heck, Paul, born 1841 in Schönengrund, Württemberg, baker.
    Müller, Christine, Brecksville, farmer.
    Schröder, Fred W., born 1824 in Trabitz, Prussia, teacher.

German immigrants to Cleveland in 1854

From the The Jubilee Edition of the Cleveland Wächter und Anzeiger 1902, the list below shows the year of arrival in Cuyahoga County, followed by name, year of birth, place of birth, and occupation.
1854: Abel, George M., born 1828 in Bernhausen, Württemberg, formal gardener.
    Barner, David, born 1825 in Oethringen, Württemberg, weaver.
    Beckerle, Heinrich, born 1833 in Biblis, Rhenish Hessia, machinist.
    Bennhoff, Hermann, born 1847 in Barkhausen, Hanover, machinist.
    Blahd, Heinrich, born 1826 in Bernkastel, Rhenish Province, merchant.
    Butter, Katharina, Landeshut, Prussia.
    Daus, William, born 1827 in Kirchbrack, Brunswick, machinist.
    Diener, Adolph, born 1846 in Radolfzell, Baden, mason.
    Eckhardt, A. W., born 1846 in Amorbach, Bavaria. machinst.
    Eisel, Philipp, born 1835 in Gemünden, Nassau, insurance business.
    Emde, Christ. F., born 1832 in Mengeringhausen, Waldeck, shoe business.
    Etzenberger, Jacob, born 1826 in St. Gallen, Switzerland, shoemaker.
    Gaennsslen, Philipp, born 1830 in Metzingen, Württemberg, bookbinder.
    Günther, Emanuel E., born 1833 in Nagold, Württemberg, bookbinder.
    Guenther, Felix, born 1843 in Wied-Selters, Nassau, art dealer.
    Häfele, Jacob, born 1832 in Flochberg, Württemberg, vegetable gardener.
    Haller, Martin, Württemberg, butcher.
    Haker, John P., born 1839 in Gewerzien, Mecklenburg, bookbinder.
    Hoff, John P., born 1825 in Pansweiler, Rhenish Province, private person.
    Hoffmann, Heinrich, born 1826 in Hattenbach, Electoral Hessia, silk weaver.
    Kachel, Johann, born 1832 in Stetten, Württemberg, private person.
    Käufer, Heinrich, born 1827 in Weingarten, Rhenish Palatinate, tailor.
    Kimmerle, Jacob, born 1836 in Württemberg.
    Kleinschrodt, Christian, born 1828 in Ermetzhofen, Bavaria, shoemaker.
    Köckert, August C., born 1830 in Renden, Saxony, shoe business.
    Kohlmaier, Adam, born 1832 in Rehborn, Rhenish Palatinate, tailor.
    Krämer, H. S., born 1827 in Bunde, West Prussia, iron founder.
    Lohrer, Jacob, born 1835 in Donaueschingen, Baden, police captain.
    Menke, Carl, born 1835 in Woldegk, Mecklenburg, tailor.
    Miller, Philipp, Dürkheim, Rhenish Palatinate, shoe business.
    Portz, Johann, born 1832 in Saarlouis, Rhenish Province, shoe business.
    Scherwitz, Friedrich, born 1835 in Rheinbischofsheim, Baden, butcher.
    Spengel, Friedrich, born 1821 in Hungen, Hessia-Darmstadt, tailor.
    Wagner, John, born 1832 in Kastel, Rhenish Province, building contractor.
    Weber, Dr. Gust. C. E., born 1828 in Bonn, Rhenish Province, physician.
    Wendorff, Louis, born 1835 in Neubrandenburg, Mecklenburg, oven facgtory.
    Wetzel, Katharina, born 1831 in Halger, Hessia-Nassau, private person.

Cleveland German immigrants in 1853

From the The Jubilee Edition of the Cleveland Wächter und Anzeiger 1902, the list below shows the year of arrival in Cuyahoga County, followed by name, year of birth, place of birth, and occupation.
1853: Amann, John G., born 1824 in Württemberg, private person.
    Diemer, Frederike, born 1830 in Württemberg, private person.
    Faulhaber, Martin, born 1834 in Königheim, Baden, private person.
    Fix, George, born 1830 in Lichtenau, Baden, butcher.
    Geissler, George, born 1827 in Central Franconia, Bavaria, smith.
    Hanf, Andreas, born 1838 in Altmannshausen, Bavaria, cigar maker.
    Hitz, Joseph L., born 1838 in Obersäckingen, Switzerland, insurance agent.
    Kaltenmacher, Magdalena, born 1834 in Unterwalden, Switzerland.
    Kraus, C. F., born 1834 in Hirschfeld, Saxony, wood dealer.
    Kurtz, Johann George, born 1842 in Betzingen, Württemberg, machinist.
    Marquardt, Bernhard, born 1832 in Messkirch, Baden, private person.
    Meckes, John, born 1843 in Maikammer, Rhenish Palatinate, merchant.
    Mitchel, Katharina, born 1825 in Heidelberg, Baden, private scitizen.
    Ortli, Fridolin, born 1835 in Glarus, Switzerland, sheet metal worker.
    Probeck, Philipp, born 1834 in Oestrich, Nassau, private person.
    Rauch, Carl, born 1845 om Standenböhl, Rhenish Palatinate, wagon factory.
    Riedel, Jacob C., born 1850 in Neuhofen, Rhenish Palatinate, janitor.
    Riedel, Michael, born 1835 in Neuhofen, Rhenish Palatinate, farmer.
    Rinderspacher, John, born 1833, tailor.
    Ruhland, John, born 1827 in Münster, Alsace, butcher.
    Schlatterbeck, George A., born 1829 in Sinbronn, Bavaria, insurance agent.
    Semlow, Theodor, born 1824 in Burg, Mecklenberg, private person.
    Spitzig, Wilhelm, born 1832 in Königheim, Baden, building contractor.
    Stein, Jacob, born 1842 in Rheingönnheim, Rhenish Palatinate, perviate person.
    Tripphahn, Friedrich, born 1825 in Anklammer, Pomerania, private person.
    Würtz, Christopher, born 1836 in Ottersheim, Rhenish Palatinate, sheet music dealer.
    Young, John P., born 1833 in Krumbach, Prussia, private person.

We now pause for Cleveland German immigrant data interpretation

I have been listing the immigrants to Cleveland, Ohio, who lived long enough, or stuck around Cleveland long enough, to be listed in an anniversary edition of the Cleveland German newspaper “Wächter und Anzeiger.” The list goes through the start of the 1860s, and I will continue to type up the remaining years in future posts. In the meantime, there are several things I’ve figured out in my research that I want to share.

First, the immigrants listed in these posts are part of what is considered the “first wave” of immigration. (The “second wave” of over a million German immigrants in the U.S. occurred from 1865-1879, the “third wave” nearer the turn of the century, and so on.) In 1848, the immigrants to Cleveland listed total nine names. In 1849, they number twenty, over twice as many. It could be argued this is an example of chain migration, where first one family member arrives, and others follow, but only Müller of Alsenz seems to fit in this category. Other influential factors:
–In 1848, the California Gold Rush began. Perhaps some of these immigrants are part of this rising tide (by 1854, four times as many German immigrants to Cleveland are listed as in 1848).
–In 1848, starting in France in March, democratic revolutions swept across Europe, and many in the German-speaking areas (and Hungary, Austria, France, etc.) were forced to flee.
–By the early 1850s, transatlantic steamship crossings were more common, shortening the westward journey to around two weeks. However, in reality, most immigrants still traveled on sailing ships called “packets,” a crossing lasting around 40-50 days.
–Manufacturing: due to the steam engine, factories were driving many out of age-old trades like shoemaking and blacksmithing
–Farming: there had been almost a decade of lean years of bad harvests and crop failure (potato rot).
–Religious persecution: the faith of the prince of a duchy dictated the religion of its citizens. The U.S.’s constitution, declaring freedom of religion, was irresistible, to Catholics in some regions, Protestants in others, and across the board, to Jews.
–In most of these German-speaking regions, a man was not permitted to marry if he did not have property, a living, or craft guild membership.
–In the south and west, rising population increased economic pressure.
–Shipping companies bringing tobacco and sugar and other goods from the Americas conducted marketing campaigns to fill their cargo holds with paying European passengers for the return voyage.
–In Europe, the citizens paid taxes to the princes, dukes and kings. In the U.S., there were no taxes.

Second, note that these immigrants listed are mainly from a certain area of the German-speaking regions. This data follows national trends. In Stanley Nadel’s Ph.D. thesis on New York City’s Kleindeutschland, he notes: “Despite the slight lull during the revolutionary years of 1848-1850, the rising wave of emigration after 1843 carried nearly one-and-a-half million Germans to the United States before it broke over the rocks of depression and civil war in America. … The U.S. Census report for 1850 gives us a good idea of the origins of this wave of immigrants. Two-thirds of the German born residents of the United States were from the states of south and west Germany. Another 15% can be assigned to the Prussian Rhineland, making for a majority of over 80%.” (p. 35)

Cleveland German “pioneers” in 1852

From the The Jubilee Edition of the Cleveland Wächter und Anzeiger 1902, the list below shows the year of arrival in Cuyahoga County, followed by name, year of birth, place of birth, and occupation.
1852: Back Marianne, born 1840 in Grossweier, Baden, private person.
    Backus, William, born 1834 in Neubamberg, Rhenish Hessia, merchant.
    Bähr, Mrs. Jacob, born in Friesenheim, Baden, private person.
    Bauer, Simon, born 1831 in Niederluststadt, Rhenish Palatinate, vegetable gardener.
    Becker, Carl, born 1832 in Eckstein, Baden, cooper.
    Bender, Martin, born 1841 in Gülstein, Württemberg, shoe business.
    Bittel, Jacob, born 1830 in Hamm, Hessia-Darmstadt, private person.
    Bohland, John, born 1828 in Heidesheim, Hessia-Darmstadt, private person.
    Dorn, John, born 1836 in Oberkallbach, Electoral Hessia, shoe business.
    Eitelmann, A., born 1839 in Ruchheim, Bavaria, police lieutenant.
    Fliedner, Carl, born 1832 in Flonsheim, Rhenish Hessia, private person.
    Flück, August, born 1825 in Coblenz, Rhenish Hessia, farmer.
    Focke, Dr. W. G., born 1825 in Münden, Hanover, physician.
    Fuldheim, Louis, born 1827 in Grenzhausen, Nassau, merchant.
    Giel, Conrad, born 1821 in Büchelberg, Bavaria, private person.
    Hach, Balthasar, born 1832 in Uttrichhausen, Electoral Hessia, shoemaker.
    Hammer, Louis, born 1827 in Mutterstadt, Rhenish Palatinate, merchant.
    Joos, Heinrich, born 1830 in Glarus, Switzerland, shoemaker.
    Jordan, E., born 1826 in Büren, Westphalia, carpetmaker.
    Koch, Katharina Elis., born in Flonsheim, Rhenish Hessia.
    Köhl, Jacob, born 1833 in Föhrenlinden, Rhenish Province, smith.
    Koklauner, Joh. H., born 1829 in Osnabrück, Hanover, shipbuilder.
    Kriegel, Andreas, born 1821 in Dachstadt, Upper Franconia, private person.
    Löhr, Wilhelm, born 1836 in Weilburg, Nassau, baker.
    Matthes, Elisabeth, born 1824 in Frauenbrunnen, Switzerland (Sandusky).
    Mudler, Carl, born 1827 in Neudenau, Baden, clockmaker.
    Müller, Katharina, Hessia-Darmstadt.
    Nepper, Johann, born 1824 in Baden, private person.
    Neubauer, Franz, born 1827 in Albig, Rhenish Hessia, private person.
    Nunn, Isidor, born 1833 in Königheim, Baden, undertaker.
    Niedes, George, born 1833 in Edesheim, Rhenish Platinate, butcher.
    Oster, Jacob, born 1832 in Illerich, Rhenish Prussia, carpenter.
    Oster, Johann, born 1828 in Illerich, Rhenish Prussia, farmer.
    Pfeffer, Christine, born 1827 in Neckarelz, Baden, private person.
    Probeck, Peter Jos., born 1825 in Oestrich, Nassau, butcher.
    Reisser, C. W. F., born 1833 in Hesslach, Württemberg, cabinetmaker.
    Roteck, Dorothea, born 1824 in Wismar, Mecklenburg, private person.
    Schlather, Leonhard, born 1834 in Jebenhausen, Württemberg, brewery owner.
    Schmidt, Gustav, born 1840 in Kirchheimbolanden, Rhenish Palatinate, lawyer.
    Schöllkopf, Jacob, born 1827 in Kirchheim, Württemberg, wagon maker.
    Seefried, Otto, born in Esslingen, Württemberg, flour business.
    Stettenfeld, Chas., born in 1825 in Scheinfeld, Bavaria, shoemaker.
    Straub, Jacob, Alsace, farmer.
    Votteler, Henry, born 1837 in Reutlingen, Württemberg, sheet music dealer.
    Weber, Christiane, born 1833, private person.
    Weiss, Adolph, born 1833.

German “pioneers” in Cleveland 1851

From the The Jubilee Edition of the Cleveland Wächter und Anzeiger 1902, the list below shows the year of arrival in Cuyahoga County, followed by name, year of birth, place of birth, and occupation.
1851: Augspurger, Henry, born 1830 in Willsingen, Rhenish Palatinate, retired.
    Auer, George, born 1826 in Hirschbach, Rhenish Province, carpet business.
    Bohm, E. H., born 1837 in Alstedt, Saxony, justice of the peace.
    Borger, Daniel, born 1838 in Weidenthal, Rhenish Palatinate, iron dealer.
    Dreher, Anton, born 1834 in Illreichen, Bavaria, instrument maker.
    Funk, Maria
    Halle, Moses, born 1835 in Wilmer, Bavaria, merchant.
    Jaster, Ch. L., born 1849 in Neubrandenburg, Mecklenburg, merchant.
    Keyerleber, Fred., born 1825 in Freudenthal, Württemberg, farmer.
    Krause, Dr. Bernhard, born 1831 in Walkenried, Brunswick, physician.
    Mürmann, C. A., born 1829 in Petershagen, Prussia, insurance agent.
    Remelius, Daniel, born 1827 in Laumersheim, Rhenish Palatinate, furniture maker.
    Schwan, H.C., born 1819 in Horneburg, Hanover, minister.
    Siegrist, Jacob G., born 1846 in Alsenz, Rhenish Palatinate, recorder.
    Uhl, C. F., born 1847 in Gaugrehweiler, Rhenish Palatinate, jeweler.
    Uhl, Daniel, born 1841 in Gaugentweiler (sic), Rhenish Palatinate, oven manufacturer.
    Wagner, Henry, born 1838 in Württemberg, inspector.
    Witzel, Joh. Dorothea, born 1826 in Brunswick, Brunswick, private person.
    Weintz, John, born 1826 in Germersheim, Hessia-Darmstadt, private person.

German “pioneers” in Cleveland 1849-1850

From the The Jubilee Edition of the Cleveland Wächter und Anzeiger 1902, the list below shows the year of arrival in Cuyahoga County, followed by name, year of birth, place of birth, and occupation.
1849: Cohen, Mrs. Jacob, born 1827 in Posnan, Prussia, independent.
    Dorn, Nicolaus, born 1827 in Oberkallbach, Electoral Hessia, building contractor.
    Frey, Gallus, born 1834 in St. Gallen, Switzerland, painter.
    Grossman, Fred. born 1827 in Central Franconia, Bavaria, construction carpenter.
    Graf, Martin, born 1825 in Mutterstadt, Rhenish Palatinate, private person.
    Gleim, Lorenz, born 1825 in Bebra, Electoral Hessia, stone cutter.
    Kaiser, Wilhelm, born 1829 in Vogelbach, Rhenish Palatinate, farmer.
    Königslow, Heinrich, born 1823 in Hamburg, machine manufacturer.
    Lütkemeyer, H.W., born 1830 in Lewern, Prussia, ironware dealer.
    Müller, Jacob, born 1822 in Alsenz, Rhenish Palatinate, former governor.
    Noville, Heinrich, born 1842 in Hungen, Hessia-Darmstadt, tavernkeeper.
    Noville, Wilhelm, born 1844 in Hungen, Hessia-Darmstadt, fruit essences.
    Ohländer, Marie, born 1831 in Straubing, Bavaria, private person.
    Pfeiffer, Susanna, born 1826 in Mattenheim, Rhenish Hessia, farmer.
    Rauchfuss, Gottlieb, born 1820 in Gunderitz, Saxony, retired.
    Rock, John, born 1838 in Röthges, Hessia-Darmstadt, quarry-owner.
    Schmidt, Paul, born 1828 in Winzingen, Rhenish Palatinate, wine dealer.
    Schmidt, Friedrich, born 1827 in Obersültzen, Rhenish Palatinate, railroad foreman.
    Sieber, Jacob, born 1827 in Freiburg, Baden, shoemaker.
    Wehrschmidt, D., born 1822 in Hersfeld, Electoral Hessia, private person.
1850: Bergholz, John H. born 1822 in Strelitz, Mecklenburg, cigar dealer.
    Brickmann, Leonhard, born 1850 in Darmstadt, Hessia-Darmstadt, newspaper carrier.
    Dennerle, Marcus, born 1828 in Kleinfischlingen, Renish Palatinate, building contractor.
    Dienst, Kilian, born 1825 in Rottweil, Baden, butcher.
    Hipp, Martin, born 1830 in Sondelfingen, Württenberg, flour dealer.
    Junghans, Karl, born 1824 in Scwarzburg, Thüringen, musician.
    Knecht, C.A., born 1837 in Mittelscheffelenz, Baden, wine and liquor.
    Kraus, Chr. Aug. born 1827 in Hischfeld, Saxony, wood dealer.
    Neracher, Franz Jos. born 1818 at Aargau, Switzerland, carpenter.
    Richner, Johann, born 1830 at Aargau, Switzerland, cheesemaker.
    Selzer, Jacob D. born 1838 at Freinsheim, Rhenish Palatinate, private person.
    Smithnight, Louis, born 1837 in Saxony, pharmacist.
    Vogel, Ludwig, born 1834 in Mosheim, Electoral Hessia, private person.
    Völer, Barbara, born 1824 in Rheingönnheim, Rhenish Palatinate, retired.
    Wagner, C.H., born 1846 in Tilsit. Prussia, machine manufacturer.
    Weber, Christian, born 1823 in Offstein, Hessia-Darmstadt, retired.

Cleveland’s oldest German pioneers

The Jubilee Edition of the Cleveland Wächter und Anzeiger 1902 contains a section that lists “the Oldest German Pioneers of Cuyahoga County,” although it only includes the names of those still living who were residents in Cleveland and Cuyahoga County in 1902. For the benefit of those who may be researching genealogy who don’t have access to this publication, I’ll post the list below. (I’ll do it in batches, since it’s quite long.) The list shows the year of arrival in Cuyahoga County, followed by name, year of birth, place of birth, and occupation.

1832: Scheekley, Carl, born in 1825 in Zell, Württemberg, livery stable owner.
1833: Krehbiehl (Crable), John, born 1828 in Wachenheim, Rhenish Palatinate, insurance agent.
1834: Hecker, Karoline, born 1825 in Klingenmünster, Rhenish Palatinate, retired.
    Hoffman, Fritz, born 1829 in Steindorf, Nassau, oil business.
1836: Beckenbach, Katharina, born 1833 in Klingenmünster, Rhenish Palatinate, retired.
    Hecker, Elizabeth, born 1822 in Klingenmünster, Rhenish Palatinate, retired.
1837: Dietz, Gregor, born 1823 in Weissmain, Bavaria, clockmaker.
1839: Denzer, John, born 1826 in Württemberg, farmer.
    Kölges, Margaretha, born 1835 in Heppenheim, Hesse-Darmstadt, retired.
    Wägenbauer, Eva, born 1835 in Erlenbach, Rhenish Palatinate, retired.
1840: Burger, Katharina, born 1823 in Mandel, Prussia, retired.
    Lauterwasser, Leonh. Friedri., born 1823 in Ilsfeld, Württemberg, retired.
    Klein, Abraham, born 1820, in Unsleben, Bavaria, retired.
    Repp, Philipp H., born 1830 in Mutterstadt, Rhenish Palatinate, retired.
    Schüttheim, Peter, born 1827 in Hamm, Rhenish Palatinate, insurance agent.
1841: Ball, Karl, born 1822 in Asbach, Alsace, farmer.
    Adam, Stephan, born 1821, retired.
1842: Bretzmeier, George, born 1822 in Rothenacker, Württemberg, retired.
    Körper, Peter, born 1825 in Weiber, Prussia, farmer.
1843: Böhning, Ernst Heinrich, born 1833 in Barthausen, Hanover, farmer.
1844: Buhrer, Stephan, born 1826 in Zoar, Ohio, wine and Liquor.
    Henke, Franz H., born 1824 in Hanover, furniture business.
    Kappler, Ernst Johann, born 1814 in Ittersbach, Baden, retired.
    Umbstätter, Pauline, born 1824, retired.
1845: Fuldheim, Mayer, born 1818 in Grenzhausen, Nassau, retired.
    Risser, Christian, born 1815 in Schwabing, Bavaria, retired.
1846: Heil, Heinrich, born 1825 in Eichen, Electoral Hessia, tailor business.
    Schaab, Valentin, born 1831 in Darmstadt, Hesse-Darmstadt, retired.
    Steinbrenner, Andreas, born 1833 in Zuzenhausen, Baden, furniture-maker.
    Walker, Heinrich G., born 1832 in Barkhausen, Hanover, painter.
1847: Comery, Elisabeth, born 1838 in Oggersheim, Rhenish Palatinate, retired.
    Gintz, Elisabeth, born 1827 in Stade, Hanover, retired.
    Kindsvater, Paul, born 1822 in Böhl, Rhenish Palatinate, retired.
    König, Anna, born in Coburg, Saxony-Gotha, retired.
    Mehringer, Rosina, born 1831 in Oggersheim, Rhenish Palatinate, retired.
    Müller, Louis, born 1823 in Alsenz, Rhenish Palatinate, retired.
    Nungesser, Adam, born 1831 in Münster, Hesse-Darmstadt, oven-maker.
    Ortli, Josua, born 1822 in Glarus, Switzerland, smith.
    Paillon, Ferdinand, born 1844 in Oggersheim, Rhenish Palatinate, shoe business.
    Probeck, Johann, born 1825 in Dirmstein, Rhenish Palatinate, tailor.
    Pfeil, Lorenz, born 1820 in Königheim, Baden, baker.
    Schöninger, Conrad, born 1827 in Werldistadt, Württemberg, building contractor.
    Unkrich, Jacob, born 1829 in Hochstetten, Rhenish Palatinate, building contractor.
    Urban, Jacob Philipp, born 1829 in Ungstein, Rhenish Palatinate, pharmacist.
    Wirtz, Mathias, born 1838 in Horethen, Rhenish Province, hauling contractor.
    Zurlinden, Charles, born 1845 in Massmünster, Alsace, butcher.
1848: Albrecht, Louis, born 1829 in Pforzheim, Baden, jeweler.
    Brunner, Heinrich, born 1834 in Switzerland, shoemaker.
    Heine, Anton, born 1822 in the Black Forest, Baden, painter.
    Jassaud, Friedrich, born 1817 in Hagen, Westphalia, smith.
    Maedje, W. E., born 1847 in Börsum, Brunswick, bookkeeper.
    Köhler, J.P., born 1822 in Wertheim, Baden, tailor.
    Seckel, Karl, born 1828 in Krailsheim, Württemberg, paper merchant.
    Tiedemann, Claus, born 1823 in Steinburg, Holstein, farmer.
    Tiedemann, Hans, born in 1832 in Steinburg, Holstein, bank director.

The devil you say

The Haardt Gebirge in Germany, the Haardt mountains near Bad Duerkheim, feature a Celtic megalith up in the hills. It’s called the Teufelsstein — the Devil’s stone — and it’s situated near the Limburg Abbey monastery. According to The Megalithic Portal , the stone was once a sacrificial altar. When I visited Germany last October, I did not have a chance to visit the Teufelsstein, but in the early 1800s, James Fenimore Cooper visited it, and wrote about it, in his “Legends of the Rhine”.

The Devil’s Stone was described as a natural rock … on which the Pagans had offered sacrifices. … [The legend goes] that when the pious monks were planning their monastery, a compact was made with the Devil to quarry the stones necessary for so extensive a work, and to transport them up the steep acclivity. The inducement held forth to the evil spirit for undertaking a work of this nature, was the pretence of erecting a tavern, in which, doubtless, undue quantities of Rhenish wine were to be quaffed, cheating human reason, and leaving the undefended soul more exposed than usual to assaults of temptation. … Completely deceived by the artifices of the men of God, the father of sin lent himself to the project with so much zeal, that the Abbey and its appendages were completed in a time incredibly short; a circumstance that his employers took good care to turn to account, after their own fashion, by ascribing it to a miracle of purer emanation. By all accounts the deception was so well managed, that notwithstanding his proverbial cunning, the Devil never knew the true destination of the edifice until the Abbey-bell actually rang for prayers. Then, indeed, his indignation knew no bounds, and he proceeded forthwith to the rock in question, with the fell intent of bringing it into the air above the chapel, and, by its fall, of immolating the monks and their altar together, to his vengeance. But the stone was too firmly rooted to be displaced even by the Devil; and he was finally compelled, by the prayers of the devotees, who were now, after their own fashion of fighting, fairly in the field, to abandon this portion of the country in shame and disgrace. The curious are shown certain marks on the rock, which go to prove the violent efforts of Satan, on this occasion, and among others the prints of his form, left by seating himself on the stone, fatigued by useless exertions. The more ingenious even trace, in a sort of groove, evidence of the position of his tail, during the time the baffled spirit was chewing the cud of chagrin on his hard stool.

James Fenimore Cooper, from The Heidenmauer; or, The Benedictines, Philadelphia: Carey & Lea–Chestnut Street, 1832.

Class of 2011

It is unofficially official. I have a few things yet to finish up on my manuscript, but I am now confident I will be a member of the Whidbey Writers Workshop graduating Class of 2011. In August, I will earn my MFA in Creative Writing. What a journey this past three years has been. For all that effort, I have not made it to the finish line, but only to the starting gate. I am delighted to be off and running.

HEARTFELT THANKS to everyone who has been so generous with help and support along the way — you know who you are. As we speak I am beginning to write up the “acknowledgements” section to include in my thesis: Harm’s Way: A Novel Based on True Events. It’s going to be a long one!