Category Archives: General

Musings and storytelling

Holiday cheer

Holiday cheer is a brown paper package tied up with string. Yesterday I was delighted to receive a parcel in the mail from my relatives in Germany. I could hardly wait to open it, and the contents did not disappoint — two books about Pfälzisch (Palatinate) living, one a cookbook, the other a guide to Palatinate life.

My relatives know me well. I sighed with happiness. At first glance, I worried about the cookbook. When Tante Inge tried to tell me how to make Käsekuchen many years ago, much suffered in the conversion from their measurements in grams to the American cups and tablespoons. Happily, however, the cookbook offers an English translation. Now I have everything in front of me, step-by-step instructions on making the traditional “Palatine stuffed pig’s stomach” and “Blood Sausage.” Phew!

The other book is a campy, cartoon-style guide to Pfälzisch variants (deviants?) on the art of German living. Dialect, sense of humor, and quirks brought to life by three characters: a pretzel roll, a wurst sausage, and a bottle of wine called Weck, Worscht & Woi. A perfect guide with which to ring in 2012. Danke vielmals, Familie!

Coming up: Carriage Symposium in Williamsburg

“Ruts, Roads, and Runabouts: 200 Years of Horse-drawn Transportation” is the title of an International Carriage Symposium to be held January 11-15, 2012 in Williamsburg, Virginia. The Carriage Association of America (CAA) and Colonial Williamsburg Foundation (CWF) are gathering together fourteen leading European and North American scholars to lend their expertise “on a wide variety of topics that touch on all aspects of horse-drawn transportation.” Follow this link to the brochure to learn about the many events being offered. The Carriage Association of America also has a web site packed with historical and current photos and great information.

History lightbulb

At a recent gathering of friends, I mentioned how much I was learning about the 19th century. Things I had never thought about before.

“Really, like what?” Whitney asked.

“Well, before Edison and the lightbulb, an inventor named Charles Brush invented the arc lamp. His lights were used to light Public Square in Cleveland back in 1874.”

“What about Thomas Edison? When did he invent the light bulb?”

I was in trouble then, because I wasn’t sure. Later, looking it up, I happened upon the Library of Congress Science Reference site, and the question: “Who invented electric Christmas lights?” (Tis the season) The answer: Thomas Edison, in 1880, when he strung electric lights around his Menlo Park research facility. Apparently, two years later his business partner Edward Johnson made a patriotic string of lights–red, white, and blue–to adorn his Christmas tree. Because such a novelty was exorbitantly expensive then, the tradition would not catch on for another four decades.

The Christmas tree, or Tannenbaum, is an especially German contribution to the American Christmas tradition. Also the decorations. The glass balls originated in the Thuringian region of modern day Germany. According to About.com German Christmas Ornaments, F.W. Woolworth made a fortune importing them in the 1880s. And the tinsel? Don’t even get me started on the tinsel. Once upon a time, though, it was made of actual silver, and brought a real sparkle to the candlelit trees.

One thing leads to another

In writing about the 19th century, I am always on the alert for antiquated books. About a year ago at the Friends of the Library book sale, I crouched down overlong under the table to leaf through a box of neglected, musty tomes, a wine-colored, 12-volume set of The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll. I purchased only the last in the set, a compendium of speeches Ingersoll gave on topics such as “The Religious Belief of Abraham Lincoln,” “Tribute to Walt Whitman,” an address on “The Circulation of Obscene Literature,” and so on. I did not expect much enlightenment, merely a glimpse into the mindset and flavor of the times.

What a treasure! I have returned to this volume many times. The contents defy most stereotypes I held about the post-Civil War era, are thought-provoking and, in many instances, still contemporary. Included in the volume are several of Ingersoll’s addresses to banquets and clubs; apparently, he was a renowned, eloquent speaker, who dared people to abandon what I had assumed to be the hallmarks of the Victorian era — superstition and dogma. Why had I never heard of the man before? Furthermore, in all of my research about the time, I did not encounter his name. Not until I was writing a recent post about Freethinkers, that is. (Aha! He’s one of those. I love the irony of this; the concept of “freethought” ought to defy all categories, no?)

Check out more at Council for Secular Humanism:

Robert Green Ingersoll is too little known today. Yet he was the foremost orator and political speechmaker of late 19th century America — perhaps the best-known American of the post-Civil War era.

I want to quote something here, but what to pick? There’s a gem on just about every subject. Given the climate of a campaign year and the “Occupy” movement, I have selected an 1892 “Fragment” about the upcoming World’s Fair (the 1893 Columbia Exposition in Chicago, I presume):

The World’s Fair will do great good. A great many thousand people of the Old World will for the first time understand the new … [The European settlers of the New World] had to fight for the soil and … the people who had rescued the land made up their minds not only to own it, but to control it. They were also firmly convinced that the profits belonged to them. In this way manhood was recognized in the New World. In this way grew up the feeling of nationality here. What I wish to see celebrated in this great exposition are the triumphs that have been achieved in this New World. These I wish to see above all. At the same time I want the best that labor and thought have produced in all countries. It seems to me that in the presence of the wonderful machines, of those marvelous mechanical contrivances by which we take advantage of the forces of nature, by which we make servants of the elemental powers–in the presence, I say, of these, it seems to me respect for labor must be born. We shall begin to appreciate the men of use instead of those who have posed as decorations. All the beautiful things, all the useful things, come from labor, and it is labor that has made the world a fit habitation for the human race.
Take from the World’s Fair what labor has produced–the work of the great artists–and nothing will be left. What have the great conquerors to show in this great exhibition? What shall we get from the Caesars and the Napoleons? What shall we get from popes and cardinals? What shall we get from the nobility? From princes and lords and dukes? What excuse have they for having existence and for having lived on the bread earned by honest men? They stand in the show-windows of history, lay figures, on which fine goods are shown, but inside the raiment there is nothing, and never was. This exposition will be the apotheosis of labor. (pp. 346-347)

Hear hear for the blacksmiths and carriage-makers, and for all laborers then and now.

The Freidenker

I was ferreting around the Internet looking for, among other things, quotes by Benjamin Franklin about German immigrants, and I came across a write-up at Dialog International. The things Ben Franklin thought and said are at this post on the site. The post begins with the statement: “Immigrants to America have always been feared and hated.” It’s striking, isn’t it, how political turmoil regarding immigration spans the centuries? Newcomers are consistently the outsiders. Gotta get a handle on that (rather than, for instance, a wall).

Meanwhile, the Dialog International site where I found the above post intrigued me. The tone is rational, clearheaded, and humanitarian in scope. I clicked on about me and learned the blog theme is: “Free thinkers who are interested in cross-cultural dialogue.” The term “Free thinkers” triggered a memory. The word Freidenker, freethinker, is generally synonymous with “atheist.” Back in the 1830s and 1840s, this rationalist perspective was also prevalent in the rural village of Freinsheim, according to writings of the then-pastor Johann Georg Bickes. In a description of his parish, Bickes wrote of: “a pernicious spirit of unbelief… Here, as everywhere, there are those who are led astray by false enlightenment, following their own arrogance. They do not pay attention to the word of God, and are infected by the pernicious spirit of unbelief and frivolity, of carelessness, of arrogance and contempt of divine laws.”

Further investigation led me to this statement in the German-language Wikipedia: “Freidenker sind im heutigen Sinn Menschen, die sich an wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen orientieren und zu einem nichtreligiös geprägten Humanismus bekennen. … Freidenker bestehen zwar auf ihrer Unabhängigkeit von Glaubensregeln wie Tabus und Dogmen, beziehen sich aber ausdrücklich auf ethische Grundsätze von Freiheit, Gleichheit, Toleranz und Gewaltverzicht.” [Translation]: “In the modern sense, Freethinkers are people oriented to a non-religiously influenced humanism based on scientific findings. … Indeed, Freethinkers insist on their independence from religious rules, such as taboos and dogmas, relying instead on the ethical principles of liberty, equality, tolerance and nonviolence.”

Historically, in the 1840s in the Bavarian Rhineland and surrounding areas, Freethinkers were German intellectuals who wished to overthrow their religious and political autocracies in favor of a constitutional democracy. These men read Thomas Paine, author of “Common Sense,” “The Rights of Man” and “The Age of Reason,” a man who also inspired humanitarian zeal in America’s founding fathers. When the 1848 revolution was suppressed, many German intellectuals emigrated (or were forced to flee). In Cleveland, Ohio, ex-patriated Germans formed a Society of Freemen and beginning in 1853, held an annual Thomas Paine celebration.

In a Wikipedia entry on Freethought, I found the following: “[German 1848er immigrant] Freethinkers tended to be liberal, espousing ideals such as racial, social, and sexual equality, and the abolition of slavery.” What followed was a short-lived but heartening “Golden Age of Free Thought.”

Immerse yourself

Check out My Two Cents, where I am a guest blogger on research for fiction writers for my mystery-writing friend Charlotte Morganti.

The art of lace-making

The power was out a couple of weeks ago for an entire afternoon. I came home to make myself lunch, but since it was daylight outside, I did not notice until I put something in the microwave and pressed start. No beep. No hum.

Then I felt it — an overwhelming sense of powerlessness. No lights, no heat, no refrigerator, no computer, no TV. No ability to charge my cellphone. My God, I wondered, what did people used to do?

Actually, due to my extensive research on the 19th century, I have a vague idea of what people did do. Handwork. That’s right. Arts and crafts.

My grandmother, born in 1891, used to love to show me her lace collection. It made only a slight impression at the time. I mean, when I was growing up in the 1970s, lace was machine made, cheap and plentiful. But in the old days, lace was made by hand, with bobbins and eensy weensy crochet hooks. In my family, Lucy Harm Hoppensack, my grandmother’s mother born in 1865, was legendary for her lace-making. In this picture, she is wearing some of her handwork.

My grandmother kept a box of lace in her closet, laces worn on her dresses, and those of her mother and grandmother. At Lace Fairy, I’ve tried to identify types, which range from Burano to Point d’Angleterre to Valenciennes. The stitch work is so tiny, it was not until I examined the photos that I realized the netting is hand twisted, and braided, and crocheted.



When my cousin from Germany came to visit, and to work on translating the letters, she brought me a gift made by her grandmother, who had recently passed away. A handmade lace tablecloth. A more perfect gift could not have been found.

More birds – the European stork

Last year when I was visiting Freinsheim, Germany, my cousin said to me: “The people here are upset because the storks don’t come any more.”

Since the European White Stork was not familiar to me, I did not fully grasp what Angela was telling me. I stumbled upon the significance of these birds since my return. The enormous, twiggy nest of the storks is welcome and encouraged on German rooftops, as storks bring good luck, fertility and prosperity. It is believed storks protect a house from fire. Like cats in the barn, storks feed on rodents, so keep down the vermin population. It was once thought storks had human souls.

A write-up on the European White Stork can be found at the Smithsonian National Zoological Park web site. Apparently, the disappearance of the storks in Freinsheim is one instance of a much larger problem.

The overall population of White Storks has declined steadily over the last half century. The decline in Western Europe has been the most pronounced. Pollution, pesticides and wetlands drainage have severely reduced suitable foraging habitat across the breeding range. Storks no longer breed in southern Sweden, Switzerland, western France, Belgium or southern Greece. In The Netherlands the number of breeding pairs has declined from 500 in 1910 to 5 in 1985. Denmark was home to 4000 pairs in 1890, but only 12 in 1989. Captive propagation and reintroduction efforts have been hampered by their tendency to produce overly tame birds, which over-winter in Europe without migrating normally.

In the 19th century storks were so plentiful, their broad wingspans darkened the sky as they migrated north from African shores. Another “melioration of the climate” (à la James Fenimore Cooper) changing our lives in ways we don’t even realize.

Are you sick of it yet?

“Are you sick of it yet?”

As I dig further into final revisions of my novel about “first wave” emigrants from southwestern Germany, I’m getting this question a lot.

Surprisingly, the answer is no. Sure, I’m sick of the disorganization of my house, and the overgrown condition of my yard. But as I keep researching and writing, I’m still getting insights, and making new discoveries.

“Did you see in the letters?” my cousin asked me recently. She is helping me translate a new batch of letters uncovered just this summer. “The Crollys were from Friedelsheim.”

“Yes! Yes!” I said. “I saw that!”

Why so excited? A year ago at this time, without any idea it was a village of my ancestors, my relatives took me to Friedelsheim, to see a blacksmithing demonstration. I felt as if I was seeing ghosts. Friedelsheim, I learned, was an area with a large concentration of Mennonites. There is evidence the village has been around since 770 A.D.

Michael Harm traveled from the Rhineland-Palatinate to Cleveland, Ohio. He met an American born girl, whose German parents (Evangelical Protestants who helped found the Second German Reformed Evangelical Church in Cleveland) emigrated from Friedelsheim.

Friedelsheim and Freinsheim are so close to one another in the Rhineland-Palatinate, only Erpolzheim lies between them. It’s amazing to me, how we travel so far to end up so close to home.

Lyrical obscurity

A song that is formative for one generation becomes lost in obscurity for the next. That is the way of things, Grasshopper. (If you’re wondering, “Grasshopper” references a 1970’s TV program called “Kung Fu.”)

I visited Freinsheim, Germany last year at this time, to see my relatives, to do research, and to experience the Weinwanderung, a 7-mile culinary and wine-tasting hike through the vineyards. It’s awesome! This fall’s Weinwanderung dates are September 23-25. If you can swing it, you should definitely go.

Another memorable event during my trip last year was a meeting with Roland Paul (google translate link: click on “Autor”), Research Fellow and Deputy Director of the Institute for Palatine History and Folklore in Kaiserslautern. He has compiled the largest migration file index in Germany.

As we talked, I told him the working title of my thesis, which was “Something to Tell About” based on the quote by Matthias Claudius: “Wenn jemand eine Reise tut, so kann er was erzählen.” (When someone goes on a journey, then he has something to tell about.) Dr. Paul nodded perfunctorily. “Yes, yes,” he said. “This is a very popular quote in Germany.” Yet from my side of the Atlantic, I had come up with something pretty obscure.

The same thing happened when I mentioned the many immigration songs and poems. Dr. Paul nodded, waved his hand with a flourish. “Yes, Konrad Krez and so forth.” It hit home again, how what is so well known in one place or time can be so quickly forgotten in another. For general posterity, therefore, I post a poem by Konrad Krez, a moving ode to the immigrant’s journey (this version comes from the reprint of Jacob Mueller’s Memories of a Forty-Eighter (1896), translated by Steven Rowan).

Renunciation and Consolation
by Konrad Krez

I dreamed in my youth
Of the roll of drums, the blare of trumpets,
Of the clatter of swords and the fire of muskets,
Of heroism and immortality,
And sick with fever I raised my hand
To pluck garlands from the tree of fame,
I burned for deeds to mark
My trail forever in the sand of time.

It drove me to foreign zones,
My hills were too flat at home,
The valleys too narrow, the Rhine a brook,
I wanted alps, seas and waves.
I wanted to defy storm and hurricane,
See the splendor of the tropics with my own eyes,
Head west, to the new Canaan,
And plant corn and wheat on the Ohio.

And everywhere, wherever I came and went,
I found an ache, no land was so lonely
That I did not find there the way of care,
Even where no tree would grow, there was still distress,
Whether you go South or North,
East or West, to all the winds,
You will always find the same password,
The care of labor and work.

The same struggle for daily bread,
Which does not deserve to be so hard earned,
Awaits you on the Hudson as on the Rhine,
Your rights include suffering everywhere.
And if you, through long years of effort,
Pile up riches, where will a whole heap
Of gold buy you a physician who knows a way
To buy back even a day of youth?

To be sure you might be tempted to travel
The raw path of fame, to raise
A monument against forgetfulness, spiting envy with
Eternal praise by means of a famous deed;
Yet soon your ambition, your drive for fame
Will sink its wings with satiety,
When you spy the gates which beckon
When you go to drink of immortality.

And if one kingdom was once too small for you,
Soon an acre of land will do,
A protecting roof, a log in the fireplace,
To be happier with wife and child
Than a tyrant whose whims pass through wires
To the limits of the earth,
But whom not even a subservient senate
Can resolve to heal him of death.

Even if your burden presses and bends you,
And even if your heart distresses you,
Be consoled that life is not long,
And the path you have to go is short.
Then comes death and knocks on your door
As he did for your father,
Arriving like an old friend of the family,
And later he will visit your children.

He speaks to you: My friend, you have dreamed,
Fought and worried, now it is time
To rest, your bed is ready,
I have arranged a private house for you.
You will obey and expel your breath into the wind.
Whether grass or marble covers your grave,
On it is written: Vain are
Things, and life is but a shadow.