Category Archives: 19th century history

The devil you say

The Haardt Gebirge in Germany, the Haardt mountains near Bad Duerkheim, feature a Celtic megalith up in the hills. It’s called the Teufelsstein — the Devil’s stone — and it’s situated near the Limburg Abbey monastery. According to The Megalithic Portal , the stone was once a sacrificial altar. When I visited Germany last October, I did not have a chance to visit the Teufelsstein, but in the early 1800s, James Fenimore Cooper visited it, and wrote about it, in his “Legends of the Rhine”.

The Devil’s Stone was described as a natural rock … on which the Pagans had offered sacrifices. … [The legend goes] that when the pious monks were planning their monastery, a compact was made with the Devil to quarry the stones necessary for so extensive a work, and to transport them up the steep acclivity. The inducement held forth to the evil spirit for undertaking a work of this nature, was the pretence of erecting a tavern, in which, doubtless, undue quantities of Rhenish wine were to be quaffed, cheating human reason, and leaving the undefended soul more exposed than usual to assaults of temptation. … Completely deceived by the artifices of the men of God, the father of sin lent himself to the project with so much zeal, that the Abbey and its appendages were completed in a time incredibly short; a circumstance that his employers took good care to turn to account, after their own fashion, by ascribing it to a miracle of purer emanation. By all accounts the deception was so well managed, that notwithstanding his proverbial cunning, the Devil never knew the true destination of the edifice until the Abbey-bell actually rang for prayers. Then, indeed, his indignation knew no bounds, and he proceeded forthwith to the rock in question, with the fell intent of bringing it into the air above the chapel, and, by its fall, of immolating the monks and their altar together, to his vengeance. But the stone was too firmly rooted to be displaced even by the Devil; and he was finally compelled, by the prayers of the devotees, who were now, after their own fashion of fighting, fairly in the field, to abandon this portion of the country in shame and disgrace. The curious are shown certain marks on the rock, which go to prove the violent efforts of Satan, on this occasion, and among others the prints of his form, left by seating himself on the stone, fatigued by useless exertions. The more ingenious even trace, in a sort of groove, evidence of the position of his tail, during the time the baffled spirit was chewing the cud of chagrin on his hard stool.

James Fenimore Cooper, from The Heidenmauer; or, The Benedictines, Philadelphia: Carey & Lea–Chestnut Street, 1832.

Learning to love (and understand) horse-drawn carriages

In a letter written in 1850 from Cleveland, Ohio, Johann Rapparlie described his Smith and Wagon Shop at the corner of Michigan and Seneca, rebuilt after a fire.

I have sure built everything out of brick, with the blacksmith and wagonbuilder work spaces in a building 60 foot long 24 wide 2 ½ stories high. Above are workplaces for the lacquerer and saddlemaker.

At first, my 21st-century mindset had difficulty making sense of the terms “lacquerer and saddlemaker.” A visit to the Northwest Carriage Museum in Raymond, Washington clued me in that a lacquerer was a painter. Paint applications on carriages were finished off with several hard, glossy coats of lacquer, or varnish.

Saddlemaker conjured images of horse saddles, until I realized it was an old-fashioned term for a “trimmer” or “upholsterer.” Here is a picture of some damn fine carriage upholstery, in a C-spring Victoria carriage also on display at the Northwest Carriage Museum.

(double-click on either image to enlarge)

By guess and by gosh

I have been warned against researching at this late date in my thesis-writing. It is wise advice.

Sometimes I can’t seem to help myself. I found this latest gem by guess and by gosh.

In a letter from 1869 written by my great-great-grandfather, I have gone over this passage dozens of times without any idea what he’s talking about:

My business partner Ernst Butler asks you through me if you might, very soon after receiving these few lines, pick 1/2 of a large scoop (Schoppenglas) of unripe nuts (maple?), dry these but not in the sun but in the air, and occasionally send them into this country.

My cousin and translator Angela inserted the (maple?) comment, neither of us sure what he was talking about. This morning, on an impulse, I searched “maple nuts Germany” and found my way to beech nuts. Based on the information at this website called “On the Table” I think I’ve solved the mystery.

Or maybe someone has another idea?

Waylaid

I am revising my thesis manuscript, which in some cases means rewriting.

The transatlantic crossing in 1857 is a section that gives me major hiccups, and I can’t say this time around has been any easier. Incredible Tales of the Sea: Twelve Classic Sailing Stories edited by Tom McCarthy helped break loose my mental anchors. Melville et. al. to the rescue once more.

Michael Harm traveled without his family, but it’s not like he went alone. There were over 300 other German emigrants on his ship. I took this photo at the Bremerhaven Emigration Museum (Deutsches Auswandererhaus), which indicates that my great-great-grandfather was one of 103,100 leaving the German states that year. (Germany would not be a country until 1871.) However, Michael Harm sailed from Le Havre, France, so chances are he is not counted in these numbers.

After a forty-six day Atlantic crossing, we arrive at June 30, 1857 in New York City. Castle Garden Immigrant Center just opened its doors in 1855, and by all accounts, the Americans were hospitable, efficient and helpful as they processed the thousands upon thousands entering New York from Bavaria, Baden, Wuerttemburg, Hessia, Ireland, England, Wales, the Netherlands, Sardinia, France, etc. etc.

For 1857 New York, one history factoid I am in search of are railroad lines of the day. It turns out today is the 180th anniversary of the New York-Harlem Line. How do I know this? I stumbled upon this wonderful blog by Emily, who is “known by many who ride the train simply as Cat Girl.” With her blog “I Ride The Harlem Line,” Emily has done her research. Especially for the map (the railroad map published in 1858, available at her blog), I am oh so grateful.

Lincoln’s Champion

The movie marquis reads “Lincoln’s Lawyer.”

“Is that about the Lincoln-Douglas campaign?” I ask a friend.

“No, it’s Matthew McConaughey living out of his Lincoln.”

Oh. My mind keeps traipsing to the 19th century. I am currently reading the (abridged) Autobiography of Carl Schurz: Lincoln’s Champion and Friend. Ever heard of Carl Schurz? He was a German who grew up near Cologne. In 1849, Schurz was a leader in the freedom fighter movement for democracy. When the Prussians took Rastatt, which Schurz was defending, he escaped execution through the town’s brick-and-masonry sewer system. A year later, in disguise, Schurz went to Berlin to successfully break his friend, the political prisoner Kinkel, out of jail.

A few years later Schurz made his way to Wisconsion and became “perhaps the most consistent champion of liberal causes in the country.” What liberal causes? He fought for civil rights and rights of the immigrant. For the abolition of slavery. To protect U.S. lands from being plundered for timber and minerals by powerful corporations. For fair treatment of the Indian. For governmental reform, first in Europe, then in the U.S.

In the introduction (written by Allan Nevin) to the Schurz autobiography, Schurz’s role in the Lincoln campaign is described thus:
“So modest is [Schurz’s] account of himself that a reader might not realize that his unwearied stump-speaking for Lincoln, both in German and English, had much to do with the decisiveness of the Republican victory in the Northwest.” (In those days, the “Northwest” meant states like Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin.)

Cleveland’s Jacob Mueller and his compatriots, men exiled from Germany for their role in the 1848 Revolution for democracy, were instrumental in the forming of the Republican party in the mid-1850s. My research reveals an enthusiastic German following in the Lincoln campaign. The German newspapers in Cleveland and Cincinnati are packed with pro-Lincoln editorials, and heady glee at his 1860 victory. It seems the immigrant vote swayed the tide with Lincoln, which brought slavery to an end. And so 160 years later, our president is Barack Obama.

Extra! Extra! Read all about it!

In 1866, Irish Americans, part of an organization known as the Fenian Brotherhood, hailing from Cleveland and other U.S. cities, invaded Canada.

The following are just a few snippets in the Annals of Cleveland, a compilation of Cleveland newspaper reports.

1866 Irish moving against Canada, amassing at borders of Buffalo and Detroit, to fight against Great Britain. Led by Sweeny, called Fenianism.

June 7: “In accordance with instructions received from the attorney-general of the United States, the officers of the Fenian brotherhood in [Cleveland] were arrested yesterday by U.S. Marshall Earl Bill on charges of aiding and abetting violators of the neutrality laws of the United States. The officers arrested were: Thomas Lavan, Thomas S. Quinlan, and Phillip O’Neil. The headquarters on Seneca St. were seized, and the papers, orders, etc. were taken

June 12, 15,000 Irish men “Fenians” were amassed along Canadian border from Potsdam Junction and Malone to St. Albans. British troops that met him numbered twice his army, resulting in an utter rout. Speech by Colonel Roberts, Fenian president, at Weddell house on July 3.

Trial of Fenians in Toronto – Cleveland Leader [newspaper] advocates for pardon, says hanging will bring more attempted invasion.

Apparently, there were more invasions, on into the 1880s. For starters, read all about it here.

Cleveland and the Isle of Man

“Fun facts to know and tell.” From time to time, to get a feel for the residents of the City of Cleveland in 1850 and 1860, I have been paging through the U.S. Federal Censuses for those years. Predictably, there are plenty of people from the eastern states, from Germany and Ireland. But another place of origin that pops up frequently is “Isle of Man.”

I decided to investigate, and I didn’t have to look far. At the Genealogy Pages of Isle of Man I found a 100-year anniversary report that states the following: “at this time (1926) Cleveland is quoted as having the largest number of Manx people, and those descended from the Manx, of any place in the United States.”

A “Mona’s Relief Society” was even set up to help immigrants get on their feet once they arrived in town. The write-up on the Genealogy Pages indicates the first arrivals bought farmland in Warrensville. But the census indicates plenty of Isle of Man immigrants also resided in the city.

For various documents and information about the Ohio Manx population, click here.

The Robbers

by Theodor Hildebrandt in the Alte Nationalgalerie in Berlin

At last, I’ve read Schiller’s “Die Räuber” – “The Robbers” – (1780). I wonder if Theodor Hildebrandt was thinking of Schiller’s play when he painted this painting, “The Robber,” in 1829.)

“Die Räuber” was Friedrich Schiller’s first tragedy (and how!), performed in Mannheim in the late 18th century. When “Die Räuber” was first performed “the effect was said to have been so great that members of the audience embraced one another out of happiness, emotion, enthusiasm, incapable of resisting their rapture.” (Jacob Mueller, in Memories of a Forty-Eighter, p. 40)

Mueller claims “Die Räuber” was the first serious theater performed by German Americans in Cleveland, Ohio. The performance took place in 1852. Mueller states (somewhat superciliously):

“The American artistic taste of that day had not advanced much beyond minstrels and bare-back riding … In the social and political arena, in the courts and even on the pulpit, one could see splendid examples of dramatic and comic art, in all the simplicity of the manners then. It might have been the fear of competition which led many to see professional theater as something sinful which should not be allowed to establish itself.
“It hardly needs to be mentioned that there is no German tradition hostile to the theater, but if such had existed, it would have been silenced by a work as popular as “Die Räuber,” since young and old knew the play, or at least some of its interesting characters. … Those amateurs who were to play the roles of the robbers, including the Capuchin and pastor Moser, were like all disciples of drama in suffering both shortage of money and a chronic excess of thirst. This cost [the director] Stieger all the more because thirst raised its head at every rehearsal, demanding to be drowned by spirited means. When thirst was ignored during rehearsals, to save money, it was no good. Even by the second act the tongues of the actors seemed to stick to their gums …”

I had read this review before reading the play, so as I toured the theater exhibit at the Heimatsmuseum in Bad Dürkheim, I asked the curator about “Die Räuber.”

“It’s a difficult play,” I said, “for an amateur company to put on, isn’t it?”

Dr. Preuss smiled. “It was very often performed, but many theater companies felt Schiller’s original was too long, so they staged an … abbreviated version.”

In this politically subversive oeuvre, one brother betrays another, and the betrayed leads a gang of robbers to attack lords of manors who are robbing their subjects. As the book jacket of my Penguin Classic sums it up, “The Robbers” is “concerned with freedom: with man’s attempt to spread his wings and fly, to be the arbiter of his own destiny, even to change the world in accordance with his own designs.”

One of my favorite lines from the play, spoken by Moor: “The law has cramped the flight of eagles to a snail’s pace. The law never yet made a great man, but freedom will breed a giant, a colossus.”

How did the Clevelanders end their play? By singing a chorus of a song of the robbers: “Ein Freies Leben Führen wir” (We Lead a Life of Liberty) – a rousing rendition in which the audience joined in.

If your ancestors landed in New York

I am taking a Genealogy class through South Seattle Community College. Friday mornings, Sarah Thorson Little leads us through the growing on-line databases of documentation that might lead us to learn more about our ancestors. In a recent exercise, she was showing us what she had learned about a class member’s ancestors, how the wife and son had arrived ahead of the husband, and taken up residence on Baxter Street in New York City.

The mention of Baxter Street instantly brought to mind the infamous Five Points. I had just been reading Tyler Anbinder’s book, Five Points: The 19th-Century New York City Neighborhood That Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections, and Became the World’s Most Notorious Slum. An eye-popping, thorough resource for anyone studying the era.

In ye olde Manhattan, the Five Points neighborhood was once Collect Pond, but by the mid-nineteenth century, the pond had been filled in and the tenements rose as high as seven stories. It featured boarding houses in basements consisting of human beings lying side by side on stacked shelves, rampant alcoholism and prostitution, street filth and overused outhouses that stunk to high heaven. Oddly, it was also a tourist stop for the wealthy and famous. Police men led well-to-do citizens in groups among the tattered, alcoholic, and downtrodden. And the Five Points was the home of riots: in the 1830s, when African Americans suffered at the hands of an angry mob, and in 1857, when Irish gangs fought in the streets.

Anbinder’s book provides maps that show the concentrations of racial and ethnic groups in the Five Points District. Here’s the breakdown, lifted from Anbinder’s map:
Mulberry Street – Irish
Baxter Street north of Park Street – predominantly Irish
Baxter street south of Park – Jewish
Baxter Street on the west side, closest to the Mission/Worth Triangle – African American
Mission Place (aka “Cow Bay”) – African American
Park Street, north side between Mott and Baxter – African American
Centre Street, east side between Leonard and Worth – Jewish and Christian Germans
Mott Street, west side – Irish
Mott Street, east side – Jewish and Christian Germans
Elizabeth Street – Christian Germans

The Five Points were in NYC’s 6th and 4th Wards. Just to the north and east, in Wards 10, 11, 13 and 17, was an area known as Kleindeutschland (little Germany). To the outsiders, the English-speaking yankees, it was known as “Dutchtown” (dutch being a bastardization of “deutsch.”) According to a 1981 thesis by Stanley Nadel, “German New York was the first of the great urban foreign language speaking communities in the United States, growing from thirty-three thousand people in 1845 to over three hundred-fifty thousand in 1880.” Further, “Between 1855 and 1880, Vienna and Berlin were the only cities with a larger German population than New York.”

So if your ancestors landed in New York, chances are their first impression of America was via the Five Points or Kleindeutschland.

Jailhouse blues

I was browsing Cleveland’s 1850 Federal Census Record on Ancestry.com, and figured out the jailhouse business in those days was a Root family enterprise:

Elies Root, 64, male, born in Massachusetts (jailor)
Nancy Root, 58, female, born in Ohio
E.S. Root, 32, born in NY, Sheriff, Real Estate value $6,000, born in NY
Ralph R. Root, 26, male, Merchant, NY
Charles Root, 19, Clerk, NY
Bridget Lowe, 24, Ireland
John Smith, Deputy Sheriff, Ireland

Cuyahoga County Jail residents:
Mary Munson
Jacob Herrince, farmer, murder? money counterfeiting? illegible …
Horace Fleming, farmer, g. larceny
James Brown, farmer, g. larceny
John Appel, farmer, p. larceny
Alex Maddock, tailor (sailor?), stabbing
Philip Lehr, g. larceny
Wm Donnelly, arson
Patrick Flynn, p. larceny
Orrin Cobb, boatman, p. larceny


Amos Rike, farmer, larceny
Thomas Burns, saddler, assault and battery
Conrad Phalin, butcher, horse stealing
George King, farmer, larceny
John Lynch, farmer, larceny
James Knapp, farmer, horse stealing

Places of birth for all convicts? “Unknown.” I’ll bet these folks had no idea how long their crimes would stick with them.