A steamship voyage

My cousin in Germany sent me a scanned image of a picture postcard sent by my great great grandfather as he sailed from Germany to New York in 1893.

Check out how Michael Harm drew himself into the picture, waving back at the Pfalz.

At Immigrant Ship Information, I found what I believe to be a description of the ship.

COLUMBIA (5)
The “Columbia” of 1891 was a Hamburg America Line ship, built in dry dock in 1889 by Laird Bros, Birkenhead. Her details were 7,241 gross tons, length 463.5ft x beam 55.6ft, three funnels, three masts, twin screw and a speed of 18 knots. There was accommodation for 400-1st, 120-2nd and 580-3rd class passengers. Floated on 27/2/1889, she left Hamburg on 18/7/1889 on her maiden voyage to Southampton and New York. On 19/12/1893 she commenced her first voyage from Genoa to Naples and New York and made several further winter voyages on this route. Her last Hamburg – Southampton – New York sailing commenced on 14/10/1897 and in 1898 she was sold to the Spanish government for use as a troopship and auxiliary for the Spanish – American War and renamed “Rapido”. In 1899 she was repurchased by Hamburg America Line, went back to her original name of “Columbia” and on 31/8/1899, commenced sailing between Hamburg, Southampton, Cherbourg and New York. Her last sailing on this route started on 9/10/1902 and on 3/4/1904 she made a single sailing from Naples to Genoa and New York. In 1904 she was sold to the Russian Volunteer Fleet, renamed “Terek” and used as a troop transport in the Russo – Japanese War. Scrapped in 1907. [North Atlantic Seaway by N.R.P.Bonsor, vol.1,p.396] [Merchant Fleets in Profile by Duncan Haws, vol.4, Hamburg America Line] [Posted to The ShipsList by Ted Finch – 25 November 1997]

Summer reading: Giants of the 19th century

There are giants of the second half of the nineteenth century who are well known, and not so well known. For my summer reading, I am journeying through the stories of Rockefeller, Grant, Burr and Mueller.

On audiocassette (via a find at the Goodwill), I’m listening to George Plimpton read The Titan, by Chernow. The book gives an in-depth look at John D. Rockefeller, Sr. and the rise of Standard Oil. Rockefeller put up his first oil refinery in Cleveland in 1862, and by 1866, some 70 refineries (of various owners) were in operation.

From my father’s library comes a copy of Gore Vidal’s 1876 about Aaron Burr and the corrupt Grant administration. I am about to dip into this “consummate work of historical fiction” for my next summer reading adventure.

One not-so-well-known giant of the 19th century is Jacob Mueller. Mueller came to the United States in the wave of Germans after the Revolution of 1848. He was the editor of the Wachter und Anzeiger German newspaper in Cleveland, and also penned Cleveland and Its Germans and Memories of a Forty-Eighter. Since these books were written in German, they received little attention, but I’m fortunate that in 1996 the Western Reserve Historical Society brought out translations. Here’s a quote from 48er that could be written today:

Without being intended as such, the American government is a government of parties, and the discipline of party controls even the most important politician. All must bow down to these idols if they want to have any significance, and often they have to sacrifice their own opinions.
… [In campaigns], all that was done in public was simple, artificial enthusiasm. Much noise and little substance. Party zealots and party-leaders carried the day. Almost inhuman feats were accomplished in one party maligning the other. … Fortunately, things were not so bad as the stump speakers painted them.

(Memories of a Forty-Eighter, pp. 28-31)

Horse-drawn carriages

Saturday I made a visit to the Northwest Carriage Museum in Raymond, Washington.

I had never considered how specialized carriages were. If you were wealthy enough, you might have a carriage house full of alternatives: Landaus (the term basically means “convertible”), governess carts (for the children on an outing), and summer carriages made of wicker (pictured here).

I went with writer friend Stephanie Lile — I couldn’t have picked a better tour guide, for her carriage era knowledge, her rural culture savvy, and her willingness to share her chocolate-peanut butter milkshake on the drive home.

If you ever get to Raymond, the NW Carriage Museum is a must-see.

Classic

This old photo on the wall in the forge where I took blacksmithing reminds me of Henry Wadworth Longfellow’s classic poem. (That orange glow in the lower righthand corner is a reflection from one of our forges.)





The Village Blacksmith

Under a spreading chestnut-tree
The village smithy stands;
The smith, a mighty man is he,
With large and sinewy hands;
And the muscles of his brawny arms
Are strong as iron bands.

His hair is crisp, and black, and long,
His face is like the tan;
His brow is wet with honest sweat,
He earns whate’er he can,
And looks the whole world in the face,
For he owes not any man.

Week in, week out, from morn till night,
You can hear his bellows blow;
You can hear him swing his heavy sledge,
With measured beat and slow,
Like a sexton ringing the village bell,
When the evening sun is low.

And children coming home from school
Look in at the open door;
They love to see the flaming forge,
And hear the bellows roar,
And catch the burning sparks that fly
Like chaff from a threshing-floor.

He goes on Sunday to the church,
And sits among his boys;
He hears the parson pray and preach,
He hears his daughter’s voice,
Singing in the village choir,
And it makes his heart rejoice.

It sounds to him like her mother’s voice,
Singing in Paradise!
He needs must think of her once more,
How in the grave she lies;
And with his haul, rough hand he wipes
A tear out of his eyes.

Toiling,–rejoicing,–sorrowing,
Onward through life he goes;
Each morning sees some task begin,
Each evening sees it close
Something attempted, something done,
Has earned a night’s repose.

Thanks, thanks to thee, my worthy friend,
For the lesson thou hast taught!
Thus at the flaming forge of life
Our fortunes must be wrought;
Thus on its sounding anvil shaped
Each burning deed and thought.

****

Forging ahead

On the very first day of Beginning Blacksmithing at Old West Forge, I melted my brand new pair of work gloves (topped with synthetic fabric) and purchased two new pairs of leather-palmed, canvas gloves at the Ace Hardware store in White Salmon, Washington. When the first pair of these new gloves developed holes, I taped my fingers, and by Day Four, the gloves themselves. Since I never broke into the second pair of gloves, here’s the general progression, evidence of the heat, energy, and (dare I say) challenges faced.

On the last day, I had reasonable expectations. I did not forge any fancy leaf ornaments, such as you see here —


— though the opportunity presented itself. The abler, more deft blacksmiths in the class did get to indulge in more advanced smithery. For my part, I managed a two-pronged fire poker, and I couldn’t be prouder.

A shout out to Tim Middaugh, for his generosity in sharing the art of blacksmithing. A shout out to my classmates, for their good spirits and skill. And a shout out to everyone who has an interest in keeping this ancient and honorable craft alive. This afternoon, with slightly singed fingers, ropier forearms and the taste of hot metal on my tongue (not to mention a slight ringing in my ears–wear ear plugs, always!), I and my chamfered* body headed for home. In my trunk was a load of steel: a starter set of blacksmithing tools, two fire pokers, a forged element, a wreath hanger, and a plant hanger.

*def. of chamfering – beveling all edges with a hammer

On strike

On Blacksmithing Workshop Day Three, I wore my anger management t-shirt. Grrr.

Just in time. Before I knew it, I was striking. Or standing in as striker. Or whatever the correct terminology is.

Here’s how it works. The blacksmith holds the glowing hot metal on the anvil and points out where to strike with her hammer. It’s then the striker’s job to strike at that exact place with a massive sledgehamming blow.

“I’m afraid,” I said to R. I had a different idea about going on strike. My heart was racing a mile a minute. Only day three, and I’m supposed to be wielding a sledgehammer?

“Tim put your piece in the forge and it’s already hot,” she said. “We’re supposed to take turns.”

So much for cowardice. I mean really, if this long-haired blond wearing yellow safety glasses and a kind smile invited you to beat the @#$% out of something, how could you refuse? Especially after you’ve been struggling all morning with @#$% hole punching and leaf-fashioning.

So I grabbed that sledgehammer and started striking. Tap, tap, tap — WHAM, tap WHAM, tap WHAM. Our mission: to draw out the ends of our plant hanger frames (stretch and thin them from 1-1/2 inches to 1/2 inch at the tip). In a hundred or so more WHAMs we accomplished it.

Did I finish the plant hanger frame? Almost — drew it out, scrolled both ends, just gotta vise/wrench it to a perfect right angle dead center.

Here’s my sketch of the plant hanger drawn at about 7:15 a.m.

And what I’ve got so far — I’m proudest of the leaf scroll.

So how do I feel after a long, arduous day? Anger managed.

I could have wept

Day Two of my Beginning Blacksmithing class. Last night I went to bed worried about how I’d ever manage to forge the wreath hanger. But here it is, on the left, voila. In the picture below, I’m hammering that top piece flat. We used a jig to make the big dipper, so no problem. And making that little twist — that’s a gas. You heat up the middle of the stick, put it in a vise, use a wrench to grip the exposed metal about 4 inches down, and rotate one full turn. Easy peasy.









No, my comeuppance was the weight of my hammer. I had to get a lighter one. Or was it my new gloves — there are holes in them already, and they didn’t protect my arms from searing when I cut in chase lines. Or was it when I spilled my can of water, all my hot metal, and my punches and chisels besides, trying to fit a rivet into my 3/8″ punch holes? Or maybe my comeuppance was when I finally got the glowing hot rivet pounded in, only to discover my pieces were facing the wrong direction, so the rivet had to be cut out so I could start over. (Of course I couldn’t figure it out, and Tim had to help me.) No, that wasn’t it. Whatever the reason, thank God Tim turned off the forges when he did or I would have started to weep.

Learnings of the day: If you want to be a blacksmith, it helps to have manual dexterity, and just a smidge of coordination. If you want to be a blacksmith, it helps to be quick. If you want to be a blacksmith, it helps to have a knack for bending molten metal to your will.

All that agony and pounding, pounding, pounding. But look, Ma, I made a scroll thingie and a wreath hanger, and a fireplace poker.

I made tools

I’ve wondered a great deal what blacksmithing would be like previous to taking this four day workshop with Old West Forge. I no longer have to wonder. Tim Middaugh is great, he actually lets us make stuff.

There are five of us in the class, a man from Portland, a woman from Spokane, a couple from Darrington and me.
On our very first day, we took mild steel stock and made a drift, two bending forks, and started practicing rolling eyes. (It’s really what they’re called–the circle at the end of a bar of steel–and I did a lot of eye-rolling trying to make them, too.) Okay okay, our teacher made the one pictured here.

We also hammered away at tool steel. To give you a better idea of what I’m talking about, here’s a picture of the mild steel and tool steel in its bar state:

And here’s what I made (yes, Tim helped) by the end of the day:

To the uninitiated, that’s a 1/2-inch and a 3/8-inch bending fork, a fuller, a hot cutter, a 3/8-inch punch, a walking chisel, and a drift. Tomorrow, bright and early, we’re supposed to use all these tools to make other stuff, starting with punching a rivet hole.

Here’s to roaring forges and banging and pounding and grinding and sparks flying and metal in various shades: shiny silver to yellow-orange to cherry red to blue to straw. Tim taught us about the SOR method of hammering (Square, Octagonal, Round). Add an E and you’ve got SORE, as in Egads my forearm is killing me. Think of me at dawn, as I head up to the forge for another go.

O a-Blacksmithing We Will Go

A-blacksmithing we will go, hi ho the dairy-o, a-blacksmithing we will go.

Tonight in White Salmon, Washington, in preparation for my long-awaited Beginning Blacksmithing Workshop at Old West Forge, I ate a Greek Salad at a pub called “Everybody’s.” True to the pub’s name, everybody in White Salmon seemed to be there. Great place. I chose the salad because all I did was drive 4-1/2 hours. Tomorrow night, after a day of blacksmithing, I might just order a steak with a raw egg chaser.

I’m excited. And not a little intimidated. The blacksmithing art, according to an introductory book I read, requires precise judgment, perfected skill, and a keen sense of timing. This will be a four-day event; in this blog I hope to provide a blow by blow (ha!) account of how it goes for me, so check in tomorrow evening for a report on my first day.

Meanwhile, here are a couple of photos of my journey to White Salmon. I drove I-90 East over Snoqualmie Pass, then down through Ellensburg, Yakima, and Goldendale to reach the Columbia River Gorge and White Salmon. The landscape is mostly sagebrush desert, and as I approached the gorge, a forest of wind turbines.

The east-of-the-Cascades route turned out to be the right choice — ominous gray clouds covered the Western sky, but from my side of the mountains I enjoyed a great view of Mt. Adams and Mt. Hood (pictured here — this is the view from the Inn of the White Salmon).

Tomorrow, when I post photos of my day, I doubt you’ll be as envious 🙂

Don’t kid yourself

Don’t kid yourself: we’ve known about climate change all along. While the history books talk a lot about the prevailing attitude of Manifest Destiny, and the drive of young Americans to revolutionize industry and technology in the early 1800s, not everyone was blind to the damage being done.

James Fenimore Cooper’s The Pioneers, the first in his series of novels known as Leather-Stocking Tales, is about central New York and environs in the late 1700s and early 1800s. The time period of the book is 1793. Here’s a brief passage early on:
“There was a glittering in the atmosphere, as if it were filled with innumerable shining particles, and the noble bay horses that drew the sleigh were covered, in many parts, with a coat of hoar frost.” (p. 17, Penguin Classics edition 1988) At the bottom of the page, Cooper adds the following footnote: “Many of the American sleighs are elegant, though the use of this mode of conveyance is much lessened with the melioration of the climate, consequent on the clearing of the forests. [1832]”

What’s that, you say? “Melioration of the climate,” aka climate change?

In fact, the undercurrent of the book seems to be the tension between wilderness preservationists and wilderness tamers. On pp. 251 – 260, a group of men have gathered by moonlight to drag Lake Otsego for bass with a seine net. While the owner of the land, Judge Marmaduke Templeton, watches them haul in the fish, he observes to his daughter Elizabeth:

“This is a fearful expenditure of the choicest gifts of Providence. These fish, Bess, which thou seest lying in such piles before thee, and which, by to-morrow evening, will be rejected food on the meanest table in Templeton, are of a quality and flavour that, in other countries, would make them esteemed a luxury on the tables of princes or epicures. The world has no better fish than the bass of Otsego: it unites the richness of the shad to the firmness of the salmon.”

“But surely, dear sir,” cried Elizabeth, “they must be a great blessing to the country, and a powerful friend to the poor.”

“The poor are always prodigal, my child, where there is plenty, and seldom think of a provision against the morrow. But if there can be any excuse for destroying animals in this manner, it is in taking the bass. During the winter, you know, they are entirely protected from our assaults by the ice, for they refuse the hook; and during the hot months, they are not seen. It is supposed they retreat to the deep and cool waters of the lake, at that season; and it is only in the spring and autumn, that, for a few days, they are to be found, around the points where they are within the reach of a seine. But, like all the other treasures of the wilderness, they already begin to disappear, before the wasteful extravagance of man.” (p. 259)

Shortly afterward, Elizabeth comments: “Observe the countenance of that wood-chopper, while he exults in presenting a larger fish than common to my cousin Sheriff; and see, Louisa, how handsome and considerate my dear father looks, by the light of that fire, where he stands viewing the havoc of the game. He seems melancholy, as if he actually thought a day of retribution was to follow this hour of abundance and prodigality!” (p. 262)

Cooper was a voice crying in the wilderness. And take care, for it would seem our hour is up.