Category Archives: Genealogy tips

German Singing Festivals

Posted on November 17, 2011 | 1 Comment

This cover of the 27th Sängerfest German Singing Festival, held in 1893 in Cleveland, Ohio, is courtesy of The Western Reserve Historical Society Library. (Double-click on it to enlarge) The program alone is 101 pages. Seventy different songs were presented in afternoon and evening concerts, ranging from Schubert’s “The Wanderer” to Mendelssohn’s “Walpurgis-Night.”

Included in the program is a history of the North American Sängerbund, which began in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1849. At the first singing festival, five societies came together from nearby towns, for a total of 118 singers. By 1860, there were 25 societies and 450 singers. In 1868, after a hiatus during the Civil War, there were 58 societies and 1200 singers. For a complete history of the society, still in existence today, visit their web site at Nord-Amerikanischer Sängerbund.

About a month ago, a friend told me about a German music program put on by the Sacramento German Genealogical Society (SGGS): Liedermatinée: an Afternoon of Favorite German Songs with Michael Mayer-Kielmann. Their program offered songs by Brahms and Haydn and the 20th century Heino, as well as classic folk songs like Silcher’s Lorelei. I have since learned the SGGS is a very active organization, with over 900 members and an award-winning journal, Der Blumenbaum.

How I would have loved to hear the SGGS program, and the 1893 Cleveland concerts, too. In the German song tradition, musicians such as Schubert and Silcher and countless others set poetry (of Goethe, Heine, Schiller and so on) to music. Popular music is always a favorite, as evidenced in this quote from the 1893 Sängerfest program: “Of all numbers on the programme the “Volkslieder” (Folks’ Songs) invariably please the most. In the first place, the singers prefer them, (because they require less study), secondly, because the sound effects of a grand chorus in sustained, not polyphonic works, are brought out better, and thirdly, the audience recognizes dear old friends in them, and as it requires no exertion to follow the music, the enjoyment is the greater.”

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Posted in 19th century history, Genealogy tips

What day was that?

Posted on October 6, 2011 | 1 Comment

When writing about our ancestors, sometimes we want to find not only the date, but also the day of the week. My ancestor Michael Harm arrived in New York Harbor on the packet ship Helvetia on June 30, 1857. What day, exactly, was that? There are various sites to help us figure this out, such as Ancestor Search.

And here’s a find, specifically for the 19th century, through the University of Pittsburgh Library System. A digitized publication from 1886, called “The 19th Century Almanac: A complete calendar from 1800 to 1900.” There are options for viewing the almanac, depending on the format (and power of your computer). Below is a page snipped from the alamanac. (Double-click to enlarge.)

(double-click to enlarge)

Especially fun are lists of important events in a given year. Here are the events of 1853.

Since the Almanac was published in 1886, what about 1887 and following, the “time that is to come”? In those years, the Almanac lists upcoming presidential elections and congresses and so on, and centennial events from 1787 to 1800. There are also pithy quotes at the bottom of each page. For 1887, it’s:

“We take no note of time, but from its loss.”

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Posted in 19th century history, Genealogy tips

Sütterlin – Old German Script

Posted on September 22, 2011 | Leave a comment

My relatives in Freinsheim discovered a packet of old letters, from early in the 1840s up into the 20th century, from relatives who emigrated from the Rhineland-Palatinate to Cleveland, Ohio. They’re written not only in German, but in Alte Deutsche Schrift (Old German Script), or Kurrentschrift, based on medieval cursive.

Here’s a sample of the handwriting, written by Johann Rapparlie. This snippet says:


Cleveland on the 14th November, 1847
Much loved brother-in-law and sister-in-law,
With great joy I pick up the pen to let you know about our matters how all of us are here amongst each other in Cleveland.

Sütterlin script is named after the graphic artist who standardized the Old German Script, but that did not happen until 1911. Before then, variants were the rule, not the exception. The cursive is a problem to anyone lucky enough to possess old letters, church records, land deeds, and so on, hand-written in German.

It’s also a problem for those of us researching German ancestry, because signatures of Germans on, say, marriage documents, may have been typed up by people who knew only the English alphabet. Here’s just one example. I have had great difficulty finding my ancestor George Scheuermann. It turns out the Old German Script is one source of the problem. The letter “e”, in Old German Script, looks like this: which strongly resembles the English cursive “n”.

This revelation occurred to me on a recent visit to the Ohio Historical Society archives in Columbus. In the typed-up book of Cuyahoga marriages in the 1840s and 1850s, I found him at last.

Fortunately, like most challenges of the 21st century, there is help on the web.
Here You Can Learn Suetterlin
Write Your Name in Suetterlin

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Posted in 19th century history, Genealogy tips

Look in your attic

Posted on July 19, 2011 | Leave a comment

Seriously. If you’re doing genealogy, look in your attic. Or in those boxes in storage. Better yet, call up your siblings and ask them to look in their attics. That’s how I found another cache of letters and photos. Just recently, my brother dug around and turned up a fresh packet of 19th century letters written from Cleveland and Germany in Sütterlin German.

I’ve only managed to scan a couple so far. This letterhead is found on one dated 1864, written from Bremen. An interesting perspective for the time, an “aerial view.” How the …? Was the artist in a hot air balloon? A cathedral spire?

Here is a “bird’s eye” view of Cleveland from 1877, also quite detailed. (A high resolution version can be obtained from Historic Mapworks.)

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Posted in Genealogy tips

German immigrants to Cleveland 1855-1860

Posted on July 5, 2011 | Leave a comment

After the banner immigrant years of 1852-1854, arrivals dropped off some. The list below, from the The Jubilee Edition of the Cleveland Wächter und Anzeiger 1902, shows the year of arrival in Cuyahoga County, followed by name, year of birth, place of birth, and occupation.
1855: Dröge, Friedrich, born 1828 in Celle, Hanover, furniture maker.
    Kneiss, Louise M., born 1837 in Frankfurt am Main, Hessia-Nassau, private person.
    Rink, J. P., born 1832 in Zweibrücken, Rhenish Palatinate, private person.
    Sältzer, Carl, born 1829 in Ilbersheim, Rhenish Palatinate, bookkeeper.
1856: Clauss, Jeanette, Deidelsheim, Baden, private person.
    Freese, Christoph, born 1834 in Rabbar, Hanover, smith.
    Ganss, Jacob, Frankenthal, Rhenish Palatinate, police sergeant.
    Kauel, Christian, born 1829 in Switzerland, railroader.
    La Marche, Franz C., Blieskastel, Rhenish Palatinate, furniture business.
    Lards, Heinrich, born 1833 in Stavenhagen, Mecklenburg, building contractor.
    Mayer, Adolph, born 1826 in Mettenheim, Rhenish Hessia, merchant.
    Seeholzer, David, born 1829 in Baden, Baden, private person.
    Stohlmann, J. H., born 1839 in Bünde, Westphalia, cabinetmaker.
    Stüber, Christian, born 1829 in Obersilmingen, Württemberg, cabinetmaker.
1857: Brommhardt, Jacob, born 1839 in Schlierbach, Electoral Hessia, tavernkeeper.
    Ebert, George E., born 1831 in Central Franconia, Bavaria, smith.
    Egert, Kilian, born 1834 in Oberzelle, Electoral hessia, private person.
    Giessen, Carl, born 1834 in Zweibrücken, Rhenish Palatinate, private person.
    Harm, Michael, born 1841 in Freinsheim, Rhenish Palatinate, wagon manufacturer (the subject of my thesis).
    Krauss, George, born 1830 in Rhenish Palatinate, private person.
    Lätsch, William F., born 1842 in Leipzig, Saxony, letter carrier.
    Löber, C. W., born 1836 in Darmstadt, Hessia-Darmstadt, cabinet maker
    Löber, Julia, born 1839 in Homburg, Hessia-Darmstadt, private person.
    Miller, Charles, born 1857 in Holzhausen, Hessia-Darmstadt, tanner.
    Schendel, Ludwig Sam., born 1831 in Colmar, Prussia, insurance business.
    Schuch, John, born 1838 in Hattenbach, Electoral Hessia, house painter.
    Trope, George, born 1833 in Lüchte, Waldeck, private person.
1858: Behm, Whilhelm, born 1844 in Motsdorf, Mecklenburg, farmer.
    Heidinger, Josef, born 1838 in Baden-Badenm Baden (sic), baker.
    Lang, Josef, born 1832 in Romelsbach, Württemberg, private person.
    Morawetz, Isidor, born 1831 in Kranwitz, Prussia, tailor.
    Stern, Jacob, born 1837 in Ziegenhain, Electoral Hessia, shoemaker.
1859: Beil, Sigmund, born 1833 in Stetten, Baden, shoemaker.
    Kunze, Carl, born 1837 in Angermünde, Prussia, iron founder.
    Moser, Arnold, born 1837 in Burgdorf, Switzerland, bookkeeper.
    Müller, Ferdinand, born 1836 in Lübersdorf, Mecklenburg, coal dealer.
    Reissland, Auguste, born 1835 in Rudolfstadt, Schwarzburg, private person.
    Schmidt, F. W., born 1840 in Wimmern, Hanover, shoemaker.
1860: Bittschofsky, Carl, born 1827 in Breslau, Silesia, private person.
    Emerich, U., born 1839 in Odenheim, Baden, saddler.
    Forsch, Abraham, born 1840 in Teschenmostel, Rhenish Palatinate, insurance agent.
    Gehring, John, born 1842 in Walsheim, Rhenish Hessia, farmer.
    Hach, John, born 1842 in Uttrichshausen, Electoral hessia, saddler.
    Heck, Paul, born 1841 in Schönengrund, Württemberg, baker.
    Müller, Christine, Brecksville, farmer.
    Schröder, Fred W., born 1824 in Trabitz, Prussia, teacher.

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Posted in Genealogy tips, List of German Immigrants to Cleveland

German immigrants to Cleveland in 1854

Posted on July 5, 2011 | Leave a comment

From the The Jubilee Edition of the Cleveland Wächter und Anzeiger 1902, the list below shows the year of arrival in Cuyahoga County, followed by name, year of birth, place of birth, and occupation.
1854: Abel, George M., born 1828 in Bernhausen, Württemberg, formal gardener.
    Barner, David, born 1825 in Oethringen, Württemberg, weaver.
    Beckerle, Heinrich, born 1833 in Biblis, Rhenish Hessia, machinist.
    Bennhoff, Hermann, born 1847 in Barkhausen, Hanover, machinist.
    Blahd, Heinrich, born 1826 in Bernkastel, Rhenish Province, merchant.
    Butter, Katharina, Landeshut, Prussia.
    Daus, William, born 1827 in Kirchbrack, Brunswick, machinist.
    Diener, Adolph, born 1846 in Radolfzell, Baden, mason.
    Eckhardt, A. W., born 1846 in Amorbach, Bavaria. machinst.
    Eisel, Philipp, born 1835 in Gemünden, Nassau, insurance business.
    Emde, Christ. F., born 1832 in Mengeringhausen, Waldeck, shoe business.
    Etzenberger, Jacob, born 1826 in St. Gallen, Switzerland, shoemaker.
    Gaennsslen, Philipp, born 1830 in Metzingen, Württemberg, bookbinder.
    Günther, Emanuel E., born 1833 in Nagold, Württemberg, bookbinder.
    Guenther, Felix, born 1843 in Wied-Selters, Nassau, art dealer.
    Häfele, Jacob, born 1832 in Flochberg, Württemberg, vegetable gardener.
    Haller, Martin, Württemberg, butcher.
    Haker, John P., born 1839 in Gewerzien, Mecklenburg, bookbinder.
    Hoff, John P., born 1825 in Pansweiler, Rhenish Province, private person.
    Hoffmann, Heinrich, born 1826 in Hattenbach, Electoral Hessia, silk weaver.
    Kachel, Johann, born 1832 in Stetten, Württemberg, private person.
    Käufer, Heinrich, born 1827 in Weingarten, Rhenish Palatinate, tailor.
    Kimmerle, Jacob, born 1836 in Württemberg.
    Kleinschrodt, Christian, born 1828 in Ermetzhofen, Bavaria, shoemaker.
    Köckert, August C., born 1830 in Renden, Saxony, shoe business.
    Kohlmaier, Adam, born 1832 in Rehborn, Rhenish Palatinate, tailor.
    Krämer, H. S., born 1827 in Bunde, West Prussia, iron founder.
    Lohrer, Jacob, born 1835 in Donaueschingen, Baden, police captain.
    Menke, Carl, born 1835 in Woldegk, Mecklenburg, tailor.
    Miller, Philipp, Dürkheim, Rhenish Palatinate, shoe business.
    Portz, Johann, born 1832 in Saarlouis, Rhenish Province, shoe business.
    Scherwitz, Friedrich, born 1835 in Rheinbischofsheim, Baden, butcher.
    Spengel, Friedrich, born 1821 in Hungen, Hessia-Darmstadt, tailor.
    Wagner, John, born 1832 in Kastel, Rhenish Province, building contractor.
    Weber, Dr. Gust. C. E., born 1828 in Bonn, Rhenish Province, physician.
    Wendorff, Louis, born 1835 in Neubrandenburg, Mecklenburg, oven facgtory.
    Wetzel, Katharina, born 1831 in Halger, Hessia-Nassau, private person.

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Posted in Genealogy tips, List of German Immigrants to Cleveland

Cleveland German immigrants in 1853

Posted on July 4, 2011 | Leave a comment

From the The Jubilee Edition of the Cleveland Wächter und Anzeiger 1902, the list below shows the year of arrival in Cuyahoga County, followed by name, year of birth, place of birth, and occupation.
1853: Amann, John G., born 1824 in Württemberg, private person.
    Diemer, Frederike, born 1830 in Württemberg, private person.
    Faulhaber, Martin, born 1834 in Königheim, Baden, private person.
    Fix, George, born 1830 in Lichtenau, Baden, butcher.
    Geissler, George, born 1827 in Central Franconia, Bavaria, smith.
    Hanf, Andreas, born 1838 in Altmannshausen, Bavaria, cigar maker.
    Hitz, Joseph L., born 1838 in Obersäckingen, Switzerland, insurance agent.
    Kaltenmacher, Magdalena, born 1834 in Unterwalden, Switzerland.
    Kraus, C. F., born 1834 in Hirschfeld, Saxony, wood dealer.
    Kurtz, Johann George, born 1842 in Betzingen, Württemberg, machinist.
    Marquardt, Bernhard, born 1832 in Messkirch, Baden, private person.
    Meckes, John, born 1843 in Maikammer, Rhenish Palatinate, merchant.
    Mitchel, Katharina, born 1825 in Heidelberg, Baden, private scitizen.
    Ortli, Fridolin, born 1835 in Glarus, Switzerland, sheet metal worker.
    Probeck, Philipp, born 1834 in Oestrich, Nassau, private person.
    Rauch, Carl, born 1845 om Standenböhl, Rhenish Palatinate, wagon factory.
    Riedel, Jacob C., born 1850 in Neuhofen, Rhenish Palatinate, janitor.
    Riedel, Michael, born 1835 in Neuhofen, Rhenish Palatinate, farmer.
    Rinderspacher, John, born 1833, tailor.
    Ruhland, John, born 1827 in Münster, Alsace, butcher.
    Schlatterbeck, George A., born 1829 in Sinbronn, Bavaria, insurance agent.
    Semlow, Theodor, born 1824 in Burg, Mecklenberg, private person.
    Spitzig, Wilhelm, born 1832 in Königheim, Baden, building contractor.
    Stein, Jacob, born 1842 in Rheingönnheim, Rhenish Palatinate, perviate person.
    Tripphahn, Friedrich, born 1825 in Anklammer, Pomerania, private person.
    Würtz, Christopher, born 1836 in Ottersheim, Rhenish Palatinate, sheet music dealer.
    Young, John P., born 1833 in Krumbach, Prussia, private person.

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Posted in Genealogy tips, List of German Immigrants to Cleveland

We now pause for Cleveland German immigrant data interpretation

Posted on June 27, 2011 | Leave a comment

I have been listing the immigrants to Cleveland, Ohio, who lived long enough, or stuck around Cleveland long enough, to be listed in an anniversary edition of the Cleveland German newspaper “Wächter und Anzeiger.” The list goes through the start of the 1860s, and I will continue to type up the remaining years in future posts. In the meantime, there are several things I’ve figured out in my research that I want to share.

First, the immigrants listed in these posts are part of what is considered the “first wave” of immigration. (The “second wave” of over a million German immigrants in the U.S. occurred from 1865-1879, the “third wave” nearer the turn of the century, and so on.) In 1848, the immigrants to Cleveland listed total nine names. In 1849, they number twenty, over twice as many. It could be argued this is an example of chain migration, where first one family member arrives, and others follow, but only Müller of Alsenz seems to fit in this category. Other influential factors:
–In 1848, the California Gold Rush began. Perhaps some of these immigrants are part of this rising tide (by 1854, four times as many German immigrants to Cleveland are listed as in 1848).
–In 1848, starting in France in March, democratic revolutions swept across Europe, and many in the German-speaking areas (and Hungary, Austria, France, etc.) were forced to flee.
–By the early 1850s, transatlantic steamship crossings were more common, shortening the westward journey to around two weeks. However, in reality, most immigrants still traveled on sailing ships called “packets,” a crossing lasting around 40-50 days.
–Manufacturing: due to the steam engine, factories were driving many out of age-old trades like shoemaking and blacksmithing
–Farming: there had been almost a decade of lean years of bad harvests and crop failure (potato rot).
–Religious persecution: the faith of the prince of a duchy dictated the religion of its citizens. The U.S.’s constitution, declaring freedom of religion, was irresistible, to Catholics in some regions, Protestants in others, and across the board, to Jews.
–In most of these German-speaking regions, a man was not permitted to marry if he did not have property, a living, or craft guild membership.
–In the south and west, rising population increased economic pressure.
–Shipping companies bringing tobacco and sugar and other goods from the Americas conducted marketing campaigns to fill their cargo holds with paying European passengers for the return voyage.
–In Europe, the citizens paid taxes to the princes, dukes and kings. In the U.S., there were no taxes.

Second, note that these immigrants listed are mainly from a certain area of the German-speaking regions. This data follows national trends. In Stanley Nadel’s Ph.D. thesis on New York City’s Kleindeutschland, he notes: “Despite the slight lull during the revolutionary years of 1848-1850, the rising wave of emigration after 1843 carried nearly one-and-a-half million Germans to the United States before it broke over the rocks of depression and civil war in America. … The U.S. Census report for 1850 gives us a good idea of the origins of this wave of immigrants. Two-thirds of the German born residents of the United States were from the states of south and west Germany. Another 15% can be assigned to the Prussian Rhineland, making for a majority of over 80%.” (p. 35)

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Cleveland German “pioneers” in 1852

Posted on June 27, 2011 | 2 Comments

From the The Jubilee Edition of the Cleveland Wächter und Anzeiger 1902, the list below shows the year of arrival in Cuyahoga County, followed by name, year of birth, place of birth, and occupation.
1852: Back Marianne, born 1840 in Grossweier, Baden, private person.
    Backus, William, born 1834 in Neubamberg, Rhenish Hessia, merchant.
    Bähr, Mrs. Jacob, born in Friesenheim, Baden, private person.
    Bauer, Simon, born 1831 in Niederluststadt, Rhenish Palatinate, vegetable gardener.
    Becker, Carl, born 1832 in Eckstein, Baden, cooper.
    Bender, Martin, born 1841 in Gülstein, Württemberg, shoe business.
    Bittel, Jacob, born 1830 in Hamm, Hessia-Darmstadt, private person.
    Bohland, John, born 1828 in Heidesheim, Hessia-Darmstadt, private person.
    Dorn, John, born 1836 in Oberkallbach, Electoral Hessia, shoe business.
    Eitelmann, A., born 1839 in Ruchheim, Bavaria, police lieutenant.
    Fliedner, Carl, born 1832 in Flonsheim, Rhenish Hessia, private person.
    Flück, August, born 1825 in Coblenz, Rhenish Hessia, farmer.
    Focke, Dr. W. G., born 1825 in Münden, Hanover, physician.
    Fuldheim, Louis, born 1827 in Grenzhausen, Nassau, merchant.
    Giel, Conrad, born 1821 in Büchelberg, Bavaria, private person.
    Hach, Balthasar, born 1832 in Uttrichhausen, Electoral Hessia, shoemaker.
    Hammer, Louis, born 1827 in Mutterstadt, Rhenish Palatinate, merchant.
    Joos, Heinrich, born 1830 in Glarus, Switzerland, shoemaker.
    Jordan, E., born 1826 in Büren, Westphalia, carpetmaker.
    Koch, Katharina Elis., born in Flonsheim, Rhenish Hessia.
    Köhl, Jacob, born 1833 in Föhrenlinden, Rhenish Province, smith.
    Koklauner, Joh. H., born 1829 in Osnabrück, Hanover, shipbuilder.
    Kriegel, Andreas, born 1821 in Dachstadt, Upper Franconia, private person.
    Löhr, Wilhelm, born 1836 in Weilburg, Nassau, baker.
    Matthes, Elisabeth, born 1824 in Frauenbrunnen, Switzerland (Sandusky).
    Mudler, Carl, born 1827 in Neudenau, Baden, clockmaker.
    Müller, Katharina, Hessia-Darmstadt.
    Nepper, Johann, born 1824 in Baden, private person.
    Neubauer, Franz, born 1827 in Albig, Rhenish Hessia, private person.
    Nunn, Isidor, born 1833 in Königheim, Baden, undertaker.
    Niedes, George, born 1833 in Edesheim, Rhenish Platinate, butcher.
    Oster, Jacob, born 1832 in Illerich, Rhenish Prussia, carpenter.
    Oster, Johann, born 1828 in Illerich, Rhenish Prussia, farmer.
    Pfeffer, Christine, born 1827 in Neckarelz, Baden, private person.
    Probeck, Peter Jos., born 1825 in Oestrich, Nassau, butcher.
    Reisser, C. W. F., born 1833 in Hesslach, Württemberg, cabinetmaker.
    Roteck, Dorothea, born 1824 in Wismar, Mecklenburg, private person.
    Schlather, Leonhard, born 1834 in Jebenhausen, Württemberg, brewery owner.
    Schmidt, Gustav, born 1840 in Kirchheimbolanden, Rhenish Palatinate, lawyer.
    Schöllkopf, Jacob, born 1827 in Kirchheim, Württemberg, wagon maker.
    Seefried, Otto, born in Esslingen, Württemberg, flour business.
    Stettenfeld, Chas., born in 1825 in Scheinfeld, Bavaria, shoemaker.
    Straub, Jacob, Alsace, farmer.
    Votteler, Henry, born 1837 in Reutlingen, Württemberg, sheet music dealer.
    Weber, Christiane, born 1833, private person.
    Weiss, Adolph, born 1833.

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Posted in Genealogy tips, List of German Immigrants to Cleveland

German “pioneers” in Cleveland 1851

Posted on June 25, 2011 | Leave a comment

From the The Jubilee Edition of the Cleveland Wächter und Anzeiger 1902, the list below shows the year of arrival in Cuyahoga County, followed by name, year of birth, place of birth, and occupation.
1851: Augspurger, Henry, born 1830 in Willsingen, Rhenish Palatinate, retired.
    Auer, George, born 1826 in Hirschbach, Rhenish Province, carpet business.
    Bohm, E. H., born 1837 in Alstedt, Saxony, justice of the peace.
    Borger, Daniel, born 1838 in Weidenthal, Rhenish Palatinate, iron dealer.
    Dreher, Anton, born 1834 in Illreichen, Bavaria, instrument maker.
    Funk, Maria
    Halle, Moses, born 1835 in Wilmer, Bavaria, merchant.
    Jaster, Ch. L., born 1849 in Neubrandenburg, Mecklenburg, merchant.
    Keyerleber, Fred., born 1825 in Freudenthal, Württemberg, farmer.
    Krause, Dr. Bernhard, born 1831 in Walkenried, Brunswick, physician.
    Mürmann, C. A., born 1829 in Petershagen, Prussia, insurance agent.
    Remelius, Daniel, born 1827 in Laumersheim, Rhenish Palatinate, furniture maker.
    Schwan, H.C., born 1819 in Horneburg, Hanover, minister.
    Siegrist, Jacob G., born 1846 in Alsenz, Rhenish Palatinate, recorder.
    Uhl, C. F., born 1847 in Gaugrehweiler, Rhenish Palatinate, jeweler.
    Uhl, Daniel, born 1841 in Gaugentweiler (sic), Rhenish Palatinate, oven manufacturer.
    Wagner, Henry, born 1838 in Württemberg, inspector.
    Witzel, Joh. Dorothea, born 1826 in Brunswick, Brunswick, private person.
    Weintz, John, born 1826 in Germersheim, Hessia-Darmstadt, private person.

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Posted in Genealogy tips, List of German Immigrants to Cleveland